Discussion Papers 2007. No. 56.
Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
CENTRE FOR REGIONAL STUDIES
OF HUNGARIAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
DISCUSSION PAPERS
No. 56
Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring
the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
by
Irén Szörényiné KUKORELLI
Series editor
Zoltán GÁL
Pécs
2007
Discussion Papers 2007. No. 56.
Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
ISSN 0238–2008
ISBN 978–963–9052–74–1
2007 by Centre for Regional Studies of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences.
Technical editor: Ilona Csapó
Printed in Hungary by Sümegi Nyomdaipari, Kereskedelmi és Szolgáltató Ltd., Pécs.
Discussion Papers 2007. No. 56.
Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
CONTENTS
1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 5
2 Spatial relation analysis – a method for verifying changing shift directions and
for micro-space research ................................................................................................. 5
2.1 The spatial relationship analysis of Répcesík microregion ................................... 11
2.1.1 The structure of spatial relations in the microregion’ ................................ 12
2.1.2 Summary of spatial trajectory analysis ...................................................... 13
2.2 The spatial relationship analysis of the settlements of Lake Balaton ................... 18
2.2.1 Administrative spatial trajectories ............................................................. 19
2.2.2 Spatial relations in health service .............................................................. 20
2.2.3 The spatial relations of education .............................................................. 21
2.2.4 The spatial trajectories of commercial relations ........................................ 23
2.2.5 The spatial relations of financial services .................................................. 25
2.2.6 The spatial relations of recreational activities ........................................... 26
2.2.7 The spatial relations of tourist accommodation ........................................ 27
2.2.8. The general features of spatial relations .................................................... 29
2.2.9 Spatial structure in the reflection of spatial trajectory analysis ................. 33
2.3 The analysis of the spatial relations of Szigetköz ................................................. 34
2.3.1 Administrative and official spatial relations ................................................ 37
2.3.2 Commercial spatial relations ..................................................................... 38
2.3.3 The spatial relations of services................................................................. 39
2.3.4 The breakdown of educational spatial trajectories .................................... 39
2.3.5 The special features of recreational spatial trajectories ............................... 40
2.3.6 The spatial trajectories of second-home functions .................................... 41
2.3.7 The spatial trajectories of commuters ........................................................ 42
2.3.8 The microregion’s crossborder relations ................................................... 44
2.3.9 Summary of spatial relations ..................................................................... 44
2.4 The spatial relationship analysis in the urban zone of Gyır ................................. 49
2.4.1 The microregion within the sphere of three cities ..................................... 49
2.4.2 The spatial trajectories of administration .................................................. 50
2.4.3 Commercial spatial trajectories ................................................................. 50
2.4.4 The spatial trajectories of financial and other services .............................. 51
2.4.5 The spatial trajectories of cultural and sports events ................................. 51
2.4.6 Family relationships .................................................................................. 52
2.4.7 Crossborder spatial trajectories ................................................................. 52
2.4.8 Summary of spatial relations ..................................................................... 53
3 Conclusion .................................................................................................................... 56
References ............................................................................................................................ 57
Annex .............................................................................................................................. 59
Discussion Papers 2007. No. 56.
Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
List of figures
Figure 1 The intensity and network of spatial relations in Répcesík ............................... 14
Figure 2 The breakdown and intensity of spatial trajectories at Lake Balaton ................ 31
Figure 3 The intensity and breakdown of residential spatial trajectories
in Rábcatorok microregion ............................................................................... 55
List of tables
Table 1
The summary of spatial trajectories originating from the settlements of
Répcesík (%) ..................................................................................................... 16
Table 2
Cohesion and centralisation values of the settlements in Répcesík ................... 17
Table 3
Orientation of spatial trajectories departing from the settlements of Lake
Balaton Resort District ...................................................................................... 30
Table 4
Types of settlement categories resulting from spatial trajectory analysis ........... 35
Table 5
Orientation of spatial trajectories originating from Szigetköz settlements ........ 45
Table 6
The cohesion and centralisation values of the settlements of Szigetköz ........... 48
Table 7
The relational matrix of the spatial trajectories of the settlements
in Rábcatorok microregion ................................................................................ 54
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
1 Introduction
This paper is introducing a method for analysing the differences and dynamics of
the social utilisation of space. The essence of this method lies in the registration of
changes in the spatial structure of settlements through analysing the spatial shifts of
settlements within settlement network hierarchy with the identification of coherent
spatial units. The analysis of spatial relations, i.e. microregional planning is a very
useful method as it helps in mapping the interrelationship of settlements, and their
major linking points, as well as in identifying their positions in the settlement
hierarchy and – through the analysis of the directions of gravitational force – may
localise their gravitational zones as well. Hereinafter, this method will be named as
spatial relationship analysis. The startup phase for the workout of this method was
funded by the Hungarian Scientific Research Fund’s Programme titled ‘The
Integration Ability of Rural Spaces in Hungary’s Socio-economic Process’
(registration no. T 7236).
2 Spatial relation analysis – a method for verifying changing
shift directions and for micro-space research
The links and relations of rural spaces to urban and other central settlements are the
major shaping forces of the actual settlement structure. Until the 1990s the
administrative system of Hungary was favouring for a hierarchical system of inter-
settlement relations and state initiated spatial formations such as school districts,
cooperative centres, panel doctor service centre, and other centralised functions had
large impacts and in many cases had determining force on the spatial shift
orientations of local population.
The socio-economic transformation of Hungary terminated the earlier rigidity
and forced nature of inter-settlement relations. The passing of Local Government
Act put an end to joint municipalities and the new independent local governments
were managing local public affairs only, the earlier strict centralised system of
school districts and health services has been dissolved. The emerging new foreign-
owned companies, with their opening new subsidiary branches settling down in
West-Transdanubia have changed commuter directions. The opening of new shops
by private entrepreneurs generated quick changes in retail trade in small and big
settlements and the emergence of various never before seen private services
enhanced the local business supply of villages. The emergence of the new forms of
commerce and services was such a new phenomenon in villages that they generated
new trajectories not only on local but on inter-settlement level as well. The direc-
tions of recreational relations have also changed and the international relations of
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
rural areas were gaining new force in the 1990s. As the functional content of
spaces be rural or urban will be formulated by the activity of their population these
new social shift directions have had great impacts on shaping the politically and
economically transforming spatial structure of Hungary.
The researches to be presented below were aimed at clarifying which residential
shifts and spatial trajectories can serve as a model for the representation of chang-
ing inter-settlement relations in the 1990s and what changes they have induced in
microregions. These investigations launched in the midst of ‘the ecstasy of free-
dom’ of the socio-economic transformation of Hungary when local governance
rights were granted to settlements and the growing number of personal cars in-
creased residential mobility. The rapidly changing patterns of consumption have
redirected the destinations of residential shifts as this was the dawn of the rise of
consumer society in Hungary. The widening assortment of goods and the growing
supply increased the number of rural retail trade shops as well. The start-up of new
enterprises introduced such new services that had been completely non-existent so
far or were hardly accessible on the market (new forms of catering, rural tourism
and beauty services).
By the analysis of spatial relations we can find out what impacts the growing
demands and supply, the emergence of new consumer trends, the increasing mo-
bility and the opening up of borders did have on inter-settlement relations.
The 1990s were the years of the introduction of the new institutional system of
microregional associations which will be discussed in details in the next chapter.
The institutional system of microregions has been formed by the development of
inter-settlement relations. The transitional period can be characterised by changing
directions of residential shifts, thus this method is suitable for marking the borders
of microregions (a systematic group of collaborating villages) and for identifying
the directions of their relations and the microregion’s nodal settlements. By the
application of this method we can also identify the geographical space where the
density of connections is high and where the directions of inter-settlement relations
are targeted inside this space. On the basis of this model the borders of a microre-
gion can clearly be marked. The microregional researches described below started
simultaneously with the organisation of the institutional system of microregions to
reveal the integrating factors of settlements.
This method falls under the category of applied geographical studies as it is in-
vestigating functional spatial structure focusing on the factors of spatiality (Beré-
nyi, 1972).
Similar researches have been reported both in Hungarian and international lit-
erature. The so-called ‘geography of time’ having been investigated for the first
time by Hagerstrand and his research team at the Swedish Lund University during
the 1960s and 70s put residential shifts into the context of time (Hagerstrand,
1969). By his opinion the changes of social space with restructuring their geo-
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
graphical space will get into a new context. The geography of space takes every
shift arising from social existence into consideration and tracks them down to the
level of households.
In Lund School of Geography Öberg investigates residential shifts targeted at
the dentist in the southern part of Sweden. Then he analyses primary and secondary
nodes within his model (Öberg, 1976). Also in Lund School Lenntorp analyses the
relationship of man and his activity location by the method of the geography of
time. He studied the mobility of housewives by the division of their daily shifts
into time slices and pointed out that the patterns of their daily shifts significantly
differs from those of old-age pensioners or active wage earner males (Lenntorp
1976).
Both the shifting of a social group towards another one or the use of any ser-
vices by family members within one household shows a different pattern. These
patterns as a whole are demonstrating the complexity of spatial structure and may
also represent what impacts may changes in social structure have on the whole
system of spatial structure (Nemes-Nagy, 1998). I agree with Berényi’s opinion
saying that the major features of settlement environment development are based on
the special characteristics of local society and on internal social stratification. Es-
sential social functions, such as work, housing, provision services, training and
transport are motivated by interpersonal relations such as family, friends, relatives
and other communities (Berényi, 1983).
Mészáros analyses the spatiality of settlements by investigating the spatial tra-
jectories of the Southern Great Plain in centre-periphery context, or in our case
city-village relationship (Szeged and its environment). He focuses on the interrela-
tionship of relatives, on the major trends of shopping and on the usual spatial di-
rections of commuting. The results of these researches have proved that except for
the changed destinations of commuting no significant changes may be observed in
the microregion. ‘There are almost no differences at all between the formation of
the spatial structure of the past and present...’ Major changes have rather occurred
to the space filling intensity of population which is several times higher in the pre-
sent spatial structure than before’ (Mészáros, 1994, 104). However researchers on
the spatial structure of some West Transdanubian microregions having been carried
out almost simultaneously with the researches of Southern Great Plain are showing
more definite signs of spatial restructuring (Szörényiné Kukorelli, 1994). Csatári
also studied the spatial relations of settlements by analysing the spatial trajectories
between small towns and their urban peripheries (Csatári, 1988).
Thomson’s and Mitchell’s hypothesis stating that rural spaces are dynamic parts
of urban areas have been verified by the research of residential shift directions. The
two researchers studied the spatial relationships of some rural areas of Canada by
the analysis of residential shifts in three categories of local society: out-migrants,
immigrants and the natives. The analysis pointed out that the research method can
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
successfully prove that the different active social groups of rural spaces were capa-
ble for radically changing their living environment and even for changing the
whole spatial structure of the settlement (Thomson–Mitchell, 1998).
In the 1990s I was analysing the spatial relation system of several rural mi-
croregions to prove my hypothesis that spatial relations respond very quickly to the
changing functions of rural settlements by restructuring the microregion’s density
nodes resulting from the emergence of new microregional centres and from the
greater freedom of spatial relations. The method – or as I have named – the spatial
relationship analysis method investigates spatial shifts or in other term spatial tra-
jectories. A spatial trajectory is nothing else than a shift within one settlement or
between settlements for the completion of an action. Our investigation is targeted
at the analysis of residential spatial trajectories i.e. shifts for the satisfaction of
residential demands.
Through spatial trajectory analysis we can draw the map of residential spatial
shifts, inter-settlement relations, we may see whether there is a deficit or a surplus
in the performance of local functions, we can define the microregion’s closure
value, the gravitational force of external and internal centres, the degree of cohe-
sion between a settlement and its environment and the centralisation value of set-
tlements. Some spatial trajectories are starting and ending at the same settlement.
They are called as ‘internal spatial trajectories’ or ‘reflexive spatial trajectories’.
Another group of trajectories are targeted outside a settlement at another settlement
within our research sample area. They are called as ‘intraregional spatial trajecto-
ries’. Some other trajectories are targeted outside of the research sample area, so
they are called as ‘outbound spatial trajectories’. Those trajectories departing from
a settlement excluded from the microregion and ending at a settlement within our
research sample area are called as ‘inbound spatial trajectories’. The ‘individual’ or
‘settlement closure’ value is calculated as the ratio of internal and outbound tra-
jectories.1 The ‘microregional closure’ value is calculated as the sum of internal
trajectories plus intraregional spatial trajectories divided by the number of out-
bound spatial trajectories. A low value represents the microregion’s openness with
the absence of functions.
The gravitational force of centres from outside of the research sample on set-
tlements or on the whole microregion can be measured and calculated in an exact
way. The value of gravitational force exerted on a given settlement is calculated by
the division of all city bound (central settlement) spatial trajectories by all the out-
bound spatial trajectories. This is called as the city’s gravitational value.
Gerle investigated the driving forces and dynamics of settlement networks but
he concentrated on the economic relations of settlements and approached the
problem through the directions of transportation and telecommunication. He calls
1 Total outbound trajectories = reflexive + inside + outbound trajectories.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
the spatial unit’s preservation capability of outbound and inbound flows within its
boundaries as ‘cohesion’ (Gerle, 1974, 159). He calls the shifting of one element of
economic functions (e.g. a person or a quantitative unit of a material) as an ‘act.’
Then he defines the formula of spatial cohesion as follows:
quantity of inside acts
cohesion of a spatial unit =
quantity of inside + inbound + outbound acts
The centralisation value of spatial units is calculated by the following formula:
number of acts between the settlement and microregion
centralisation value =
number of outbound acts from spatial unit + number of
inbound acts into spatial unit
I have customised Gerle’s formulas for spatial relationship analysis method
purposes as follows:
internal spatial trajectories
cohesion value of settlement
= inside + outbound + inbound spatial trajectories
internal spatial trajectories
cohesion value of microregion = reflexive + inside + outbound + inbound spatial
trajectories
The local (settlement) level cohesion value shows to what extent local population
can satisfy their demand locally. Few internal spatial trajectories generate low
cohesion value, i.e. the absence of local facilities forces local residents for
satisfying their (shopping, schooling) demands in other settlements. These places
have high number of outbound spatial trajectories with low number of inbound
spatial trajectories in the majority of cases. High cohesion value implies the local
residents’ ability and willingness of using local facilities which generates a low
number of inside and outbound spatial trajectories.
A settlement’s centralisation value is a qualitative indicator of the performance
of central functions. In our spatial relationship analysis model centralisation value
is calculated by the following formula:
High centralisation value implies high number of visitors from neighbour vil-
lages, i.e. the village is functioning as a centre for its close environment. While
spatial cohesion value is a useful indicator, the use of spatial centralisation value in
case of microregions has no meaningful sense.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
A cross-analysis of centralisation (C) and cohesion (K) values will result in four
variants:
C
K
Class 1
high
High
Class 2
high
Low
Class 3
low
High
Class 4
low
Low
Settlements of Class 1 have high centralisation and cohesion values, indicating
that due to their functional surplus they can function as centres both for their
neighbours and themselves. Settlements of Class 2 are not satisfied with their
functions as the majority of their spatial trajectories are targeted at other settle-
ments but they are frequently visited by neighbour settlements, i.e. they are func-
tioning as centres for their neighbourhood but their local residents do not regard
them as a centre. Settlements of Class 3 with high cohesion but low centralisation
value are performing functions for their local residents only but not for other vil-
lages of the microregion. Settlements of Class 4 are functioning as centres neither
for their neighbours nor for themselves. Their residents are using different func-
tions in other villages. Their number of internal and inbound spatial trajectories is
low, as they are suffering from functional deficit.
Applying this method requires a questionnaire survey as the data of spatial rela-
tions and connection points are not available from statistical reports. The question-
naire should reveal as many aspects of location shifts as possible therefore the
methods of its preparation, filling in and processing are the key factors of the suc-
cess of our research. In several microregional researches I have used a settlement-
level questionnaire and in case of one microregion (Rábcatorok) a residential (per-
sonal) questionnaire survey was conducted as a control. Its results have proved
there were no significant differences between the data of residential questionnaire
and of the carefully compiled settlement level questionnaire regarding the outcome
of spatial relationship analysis. Settlement level questionnaires (i.e. one question-
naire per settlement) provided detailed information on a settlement’s life. The
mayor’s office at the starting phase provided primary information on administrative
or so-called official case clearance spatial trajectories but further information on
the orientation of different functions and services were provided by different per-
sons who were the most competent in the matters in question.
Our investigation of spatial relations covered the following spatial trajectories:
– the spatial trajectories of administration
– the spatial trajectories of shopping
– the spatial trajectories of services ranging from financial to residential ser-
vices
– the spatial relations of nursery, primary and secondary education
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
– the spatial trajectories of health services
– the spatial trajectories of cultural and recreational activities
– the spatial trajectories of family and friendship relations
– the spatial trajectories of inbound and outbound commuting
– the spatial trajectories of psychological and mental maps visiting the nearest
city/centre
– the spatial trajectories of crossborder relations
Except for administrative spatial relations residential spatial trajectories are
arranged into primary, secondary and tertiary groups. Primary spatial trajectories
are representing the settlement primarily visited for the completion of an activity. If
the visit ends with no success for the fulfilment of a request or targeted at the
enhancement of (e.g. commercial) assortment further settlements will be visited
who will be the destinations of secondary or tertiary spatial trajectories.
And now, following the presentation of the general method of spatial relation-
ship analysis I am going to present some of the researches I have made by the ap-
plication of this model principally in rural microregions between 1994 and 2003.
2.1 The spatial relationship analysis of Répcesík microregion
This microregion of 32 settlements situated at the south-western part of Gyır-
Sopron County and at the northern part of Vas County has a peculiar spatial
structure. Although the microregion is not integrated into one physical
geographical unit it will henceforth be referred to as Répcesík. Although the
microregion does not meet the criteria of underdevelopment it has some signs
referring to it. One is that the microregion is situated a long way off from urban
centres. At the time of our investigation Csepreg was not a city yet, therefore the
whole microregion was left without any urban settlements. And even the area’s
economic relation system was dissolving in the socio-economic transition period of
the early 1990s, the new relations were just in their early formation period, thus the
whole area may be labelled as a ‘fragile microregion’. Its economy did not bear the
marks of renewal and has a rural economic character (Csapó 1994). It has no real
powerful centres and the absence of a border crossing station raises difficulties in
making advantages from the area’s border zone situation. The microregion’s
average population number per settlement index is 570, only Bük and Csepreg
have more than 3000 residents but more than 15 settlements have less than 500
residents. The large number of small villages implies an inadequate level of basic
provision (Csapó 1992). The microregion’s rural character makes its spatial
relationship analysis a very interesting object of research.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
2.1.1 The structure of spatial relations in the microregion’
Our spatial relation analysis was investigating what directions are this peripheral
microregion’s relations are targeted, does the area have any sub-centres and if it
has what gravitational force do they on other settlements, what kind of new spatial
relations have been generated by the microregion’s border zone situation and how
the area is split into two by the state border?
The survey – as it has been mentioned – has been carried out on the basis of in-
formation provided by settlement level questionnaires and has analysed the maxi-
mum number of possible spatial trajectories – 2,685 in our case – starting from 32
settlements. The analysis comprises administrative, authority, commercial, service,
education, recreation, commuting related and crossborder spatial trajectories and
with the exception of administrative spatial trajectories it covers not only primary
but also secondary and tertiary spatial trajectories.
Administrative and official case transaction spatial trajectories can clearly be
identified, their orientations are not unexpected, county borders are real separators,
because in case of Gyır-Sopron County Sopron, in case of Vas County Sárvár and
Kıszeg are the collector cities of spatial trajectories. Iván, Horvátzsidány and Lövı
seem to be functioning as the microregion’s administrative centres.
By analysing the microregion’s commercial and service spatial trajectories we
can trace the directions of residential informal spatial trajectories of popular shop-
ping and servicing centres or the directions of habitual shopping paths. Primary,
secondary and tertiary commercial spatial trajectories reveal the microregion’s pre-
ferred commercial centres. The analysis of commercial spatial trajectories revealed
that Sopron was the destination of one-fifth of commercial spatial trajectories. The
second in the row is Csepreg today a city with 17% of spatial trajectories, and the
third is Szombathely with only a bit less value behind Csepreg. Szombathely is the
destination of secondary spatial trajectories and it is followed by Sopron. 41% of
all the tertiary commercial spatial trajectories are targeted at Szombathely, the sec-
ond is Sopron with 14% and the third is Csepreg with 10% of spatial trajectories.
So far educational relations have been regulated by law but after the termination
of the school district system the major directions of educational spatial trajectories
have not changed significantly. Nursery and primary school related spatial trajecto-
ries are still bearing the marks of the earlier school district system. The school dis-
tricts of Iván, Horvátzsidány and Fertıszentmiklós are the largest in size. The spa-
tial relations of secondary schools of going beyond the territory of our research
sample. The largest proportion of secondary school spatial trajectories has been
collected by Sopron with 32% of the total. Szombathely is the second with 16%
and they are followed by Csepreg and Kıszeg.
A separate chapter will be devised for the presentation of recreational spatial
relations. One of their major research aspects is associated with the visitor destina-
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
tions of various cultural programmes (theatre, cinema, sports and other cultural
events) which highlights the role of microregional centres. The other research as-
pect of leisure time oriented activities is the gravitational zone and relationship of
resort villages with their environment. In this case the directions of their spatial
relations are just reverse of the previous one, showing outside from cities towards
the villages of the microregion. The number of intraregional spatial trajectories is
low indicating the passivity of civil society. Leisure time oriented spatial trajecto-
ries are practically targeted towards cities beyond the microregion. One half of
them are linked to Sopron, the other half to Szombathely. Other recreational activi-
ties such as visiting holiday homes, lands and week-end cottages are targeted at
villages. 83% of these visits are originated from the greater area of the microregion
and not from the dominant two cities. Some recreational spatial trajectories are
originating from Switzerland, Germany and Austria.
Commuter spatial trajectories are representing the daily travel links between
centres and the villages of microregion. Although the links are showing the strong-
est interdependence but the interrelation between the two connected settlements is
the most fragile and vague at the same time. At the time of our investigation the
network of commuting spatial trajectories was in a rather dispersed state. For ex-
ample Sopron was a commuting destination for 20 villages offering 800 jobs for
their residents. The second highest number of spatial trajectories was targeted at
Sopron. Within Répcesík microregion Csepreg, Bük, Lövı and Sopronhorpács
were the major destinations of commuting.
The microregion’s border zone situation and the increased appreciation of this
geographical situation after the collapse of the ‘iron curtain’ require the analysis of
crossborder spatial trajectories exceeding the intraregional ones. 5% of the mi-
croregion’s spatial trajectories are crossing the state border, 80% of them are tar-
geted at the villages of Burgenland. This proves that the microregion’s has the
strongest cooperation relations with the villages of Burgenland. 21% of Burgenland
related connections are targeted at Oberpullendorf. Figure 1 is illustrating the
breakdown of inter-settlement spatial trajectories.
2.1.2 Summary of spatial trajectory analysis
The results of spatial trajectory analysis are highlighting the absence of cities in the
microregion. Répcesík microregion has no cities and this is also true for its border
zones. Therefore, the spatial trajectory analysis has found a spatial structure bound
to several centres with almost an equal intensity.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Figure 1
The intensity and network of spatial relations in Répcesík
Source: Questionnaire.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
The city of Sopron has the highest number of spatial relations (20%) followed
by Szombathely with 19% of the total number of spatial relations These two per-
centages are indicating the dominance of these two cities. 9% of spatial trajectories
are targeted at Kıszeg. 8% at Csepreg pointing out to the settlement’s micro-cen-
tral character. Of the microregion’s 32 settlements 31 are rather departure points
than destinations of spatial trajectories. The summary of spatial relations is shown
by Table 1.
The absence of centre is verified by the 35% value of microregional closure, i.e.
almost two-thirds of total spatial relations are targeted beyond the microregion.
This is backing up our hypothesis on the microregion’s dependency and functional
deficit. Csepreg is the only place bearing the marks of a central settlement with the
highest microregional closure value of all the 32 settlements of our research sam-
ple.
Local closure indicator shows the rate of a settlement’s spatial trajectories re-
maining within the boundaries of its microregion. Small and micro villages are
characterised by low local and high microregional closure values because although
local residents use services and facilities at other places than their own but the es-
sential services are available in the neighbour and other surrounding settlements.
This is the case in such settlements as Csér, Csáfordjánosfa and Lócs (Annex 1).
Settlements providing services for the locals have high cohesion values.
Csapod, Egyházasfalu and Nagylózs are examples for this but their centralisation
value is low, which is a sign of their closure, i.e. they are not selected as targets by
the residents of neighbour settlements and they do not function as real centres. Co-
hesion value is extremely low in small and micro-villages which verifies the low
number of functions they are able to perform. Centralisation value is an indicator of
a settlement’s central functions; it is the highest in Csepreg the microregion’s cen-
tre. Hovátzsidány, Lövı and Iván have also high centralisation value but due to
their low cohesion value they cannot function as real centres and are unable to sat-
isfy their local demands for services. The centralisation value of the aforemen-
tioned villages with high cohesion values is low and this is not facilitating their
central character. As a final conclusion we can declare that the microregion has no
settlements functioning as a real centre. Csepreg, due to its extremely high centrali-
sation value, is very near to meeting the criteria of central functions (Table 2).
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Table 1
The summary of spatial trajectories originating from the settlements
of Répcesík (%)
Table 1
The summary of spatial trajectories originating from the settlements of Répcesík
(%)
Com-
Centre- Public
Edu-
Com-
Services Holiday- Commu- Foreign Market Church Holiday
Total
merce periphe- administ- cation
muting
making
ting
country
plot
ry
ration
Sopron
21.26
18.25
27.43
31.79
13.92
16.67
23.85
19.15
0.00
13.51
4.35
5.56
20.18
Szombathely
24.92
14.60
10.13
15.61
8.86
6.52
15.60
10.64
0.00
5.41
4.35
0.00
15.06
Kıszeg
8.31
14.60
8.44
6.94
7.59
10.14
9.17
11.70
0.00
10.81
4.35
5.56
8.97
Csepreg
12.96
4.74
2.11
8.67
6.96
19.57
1.83
7.45
0.00
21.62
0.00
0.00
8.50
Kapuvár
9.14
7.66
3.80
2.31
0.63
2.90
5.50
1.06
0.00
13.51
0.00
0.00
5.43
Lövı
5.15
1.82
7.59
2.31
5.70
3.62
2.75
3.19
0.00
0.00
4.35
0.00
4.05
Sárvár
3.65
4.01
5.91
2.89
1.90
6.52
0.00
2.13
0.00
10.81
0.00
0.00
3.59
Iván
1.99
1.82
8.02
2.89
2.53
2.90
2.75
1.06
0.00
0.00
8.70
0.00
2.82
Fertıszent-
miklós
3.16
1.82
0.84
1.73
3.80
7.97
0.92
2.13
0.00
2.70
0.00
0.00
2.56
Bük
1.99
2.55
0.84
0.00
3.80
2.90
9.17
3.19
0.00
2.70
4.35
0.00
2.36
Horvátzsidány
0.50
1.09
7.59
4.05
3.16
0.72
2.75
2.13
0.00
2.70
0.00
0.00
2.20
Sopronhorpács
0.33
1.09
4.22
1.16
5.70
0.00
8.26
6.38
0.00
2.70
0.00
0.00
2.15
Répcelak
1.50
1.09
0.84
0.00
2.53
3.62
4.59
1.06
0.00
5.41
0.00
0.00
1.59
Other
5.15
24.82
12.24
19.65
32.91
15.94
12.84
28.72 100.00
8.11
69.57
88.89
20.54
Total
100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Source: Settlement-level questionnaire.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Table 2
Cohesion and centralisation values of the settlements in Répcesík
Settlement
Internal
Intraregio- Outbound
Total
Inbound
Total Cohesion Centrali-
spatial
nal spatial
spatial
departing
sation
trajectories trajectories trajectories
Bı
8
15
47
70
17
87
9.20
42.50
Bük
10
19
49
78
46
124
8.06
61.33
Csapod
7
2
49
58
6
64
10.94
40.00
Csáfordjánosfa
1
26
35
62
4
66
1.52
12.90
Csepreg
13
10
31
54
166
220
5.91
87.83
Csér
0
16
21
37
1
38
0.00
5.88
Ebergıc
5
7
50
62
2
64
7.81
14.29
Egyházasfalu
9
28
39
76
2
78
11.54
5.13
Gór
1
23
30
54
2
56
1.79
7.69
Gyalóka
1
33
20
54
1
55
1.82
2.86
Horvátzsidány
8
9
53
70
43
113
7.08
71.67
Iván
7
7
48
62
55
117
5.98
79.71
Kiszsidány
0
29
42
71
2
73
0.00
6.45
Lócs
0
32
38
70
1
71
0.00
3.03
Lövı
10
13
49
72
79
151
6.62
77.45
Nagylózs
8
7
49
64
3
67
11.94
16.67
Nemeskér
5
27
51
83
6
89
5.62
15.79
Ólmod
1
24
34
59
2
61
1.64
7.41
Peresznye
4
20
43
67
4
71
5.63
14.29
Pusztacsalád
0
20
40
60
4
64
0.00
16.67
Répceszemere
5
11
56
72
7
79
6.33
30.43
Répcevis
2
18
41
61
4
65
3.08
16.67
Röjtökmuzsaj
6
5
62
73
6
79
7.59
35.29
Simaság
3
15
47
65
18
83
3.61
50.00
Sopronhorpács
8
16
39
63
42
105
7.62
63.64
Sopronkövesd
8
8
56
72
5
77
10.39
23.81
Szakony
3
29
28
60
16
76
3.95
33.33
Tömörd
1
28
37
66
2
68
1.47
6.45
Und
3
30
45
78
5
83
3.61
13.16
Újkér
7
13
49
69
6
75
9.33
23.08
Völcsej
6
25
45
76
6
82
7.32
16.22
Zsira
5
17
47
69
15
84
5.95
40.54
Total
155
582
1370
2107
578
2685
27.45
Source: Settlement-level questionnaire.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
2.2 The spatial relationship analysis of the settlements of Lake Balaton
On the basis of the degree of basic provision and features of functionality the 77
settlements of our research sample area may be divided into two distinct groups:
shore settlements and offshore settlements.
It should be taken into account that settlements situated at an off position from
Lake Balaton resort district but having strong influence on its functional operation
(e.g. Veszprém, Székesfehérvár, Kaposvár and even Szombathely, Gyır and Pécs)
have also a non-negligible role in the microregion’s settlement system with their
residents emerging as users of the area’s recreational facilities. It comes from the
resort district’s special features that ‘high season’ tourists produce a much more
different pattern of spatial trajectories from that that of the local residents. Recrea-
tional functions have strong impacts on the provisional and functional system of
Lake Balaton’s settlements but the two month summer high-season period’ affects
the local residents’ spatial relations to a far less extent.
For the analysis of residential shifts we have selected the spatial relationship
analysis method. This method is mapping the network of settlements through the
system of human relationships including intraregional and interregional relations
and regional compactness analysis. Thus, spatial relationship analysis reveals spa-
tial structure through the research of residential shift trajectories.
All the settlements of Lake Balaton Resort District were involved in the re-
search through the conduct of a questionnaire survey. The response rate of ques-
tionnaires was 50%, this was the sample of our research. The 77 responses are well
representing the proportional distribution of settlements within the different coun-
ties of Lake Balaton Resort District as 52% have been returned from Veszprém
County, 47% from Somogy County and 50% from Zala County. The spatial loca-
tion of the responding settlements is also proportionate increasing with this the va-
lidity of sample. Only the data of eastern shore settlements are missing from the
sample which explains why the indicators of the role of Székesfehérvár were low
in the sample.
Settlement-level questionnaires assessed the spatial trajectories of eight
different areas, such as administrative, health service, commercial, educational,
services, transport and recreation. The survey conducted by the spatial relation
analysis method was investigating the following questions:
– Where are the major nodes inside and outside of this settlement group for lo-
cal residents?
– If there are any nodes at all what central functions do they perform for their
environment?
– How are these functions cumulated and to what extent do these nodes per-
form multifunctional roles?
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
– To what extent the pattern of residential spatial trajectories is matching with
the formal hierarchy of settlements i.e. what is the acceptance level of new
cities for spatial trajectories?
– Our investigation involves the spatial trajectory relations of tourists as well,
thus the resort district will be investigated in a wider spatial context to cover
the total dimension of this space.
2.2.1 Administrative spatial trajectories
Administrative gravitation zones are very complex and very interesting
phenomena, as after the collapse of the past regime’s centralised system the
polarisation of spatial relations increased but at the same time the directions of
spatial trajectories did not change much due to the fixed location of the institutional
system of medium-tier public administration. This was investigated by the inquiries
on the location of district notary offices, police precinct offices, central police
stations and on the location of courts, public prosecutor’s offices and fire stations.
We also identified the centres of these settlements. Of the total 77 settlements eight
have collected a significant amount of spatial trajectories and six cities of Lake
Balaton Resort District have been functioning as administrative centres for the
settlements involved in our research namely as follows: Tapolca, Keszthely, Siófok,
Fonyód, Marcali and Balatonfüred. The second largest number of administrative
spatial trajectories has been collected by Veszprém being excluded from territory of
Lake Balaton Resort District but performing significant administrative functions
for the majority of settlements at Lake Balaton Resort District. 67 spatial
trajectories departing from twenty settlements are targeted at Veszprém, the county
seat among others from those belonging to the administrative gravitational zone of
Balatonfüred or Balatonalmádi but their functional deficit is making them choose
Veszprém as a destination city.
Badacsonytomaj is the last in the row of settlements with 20 spatial trajectories.
This place is serving as a functional node for its neighbour settlements due to its
fire station and police precinct office. Only very few spatial trajectories are tar-
geted at the remaining cities of our research sample area. This is explained on the
one hand by the absence of their administrative functions and by their special
functions that Zalakaros and Hévíz have for example and by their yet poor local
administrative functions and institutions on the other hand, as in case of Len-
gyeltóti from the offshore or Balatonalmádi and Balatonlelle from the shore settle-
ments.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
2.2.2 Spatial relations in health service
A wide range of spatial relations have been investigated in the area of health
services. The general practitioner, paediatrician and dentist oriented spatial
trajectories show a high degree of dispersal due to the diverse tasks and demands of
primary health services. 83% of the general practitioner spatial trajectories are
targeted outside of the 7 major district centres and additional 43 spatial trajectories
are targeted at other general practitioner centres. The spatial trajectories of primary
dentist services are showing a similar degree of diversity with 53 spatial trajectory
destinations to other than major district centres, i.e. 73% of dentist visiting spatial
trajectories are targeted at small dentist centres. The concentration of primary
paediatrician services is at a higher level with 58% concentrating in seven
settlements only.
We have also investigated primary, secondary and tertiary spatial trajectories
targeted at the access of pharmacies, specialist doctors, hospitals and spas. This
analysis informed us which settlements were functioning as primary, secondary
and tertiary health centres for their neighbourhood.
The primary spatial trajectories to pharmacies are showing some correlation
with the spatial structure of dentist services as 75% of spatial trajectories are tar-
geted at other places than the microregion’s seven major health centres. The net-
work is very dispersed as a village with a pharmacy has a self-targeted relation if it
is primary. Secondary directions are targeted at health centres and sub-centres such
as Tapolca, Keszthely and Balatonfüred but Balatonlelle and Nagyvázsony are also
serving as pharmaceutical centres for their neighbours. The number of tertiary spa-
tial trajectories to pharmacies is lower than of the secondary ones, only the city of
Veszprém has significant number of tertiary spatial relations.
The primary spatial trajectories to specialist doctors are firm indicators of the
microregion’s primary nodes of health service, the cities of Tapolca, Veszprém,
Siófok, Keszthely, Marcali, Balatonfüred and Fonyód collecting 74% of total pri-
mary spatial trajectories. Veszprém and Siófok have an increasing role as secon-
dary specialist doctor centres. Keszthely is still an important specialist doctor cen-
tre on the second level of spatial trajectories but here Kaposvár is emerging with
7% of all specialist doctor oriented spatial trajectories. Only 16 settlements are se-
lected as tertiary destinations but with a rather hectic pattern of distribution. Be-
sides Veszprém, Siófok and Keszthely, Kaposvár has an increasing role (18.7% of
tertiary spatial trajectories are targeted at Kaposvár) and Ajka is emerging as a new
tertiary centre for specialist doctor services.
The pattern of the spatial trajectories to hospitals is rather similar to the ones
mentioned beforehand. The cities of Tapolca, Veszprém, Siófok, Keszthely and
Marcali are regarded as the microregion’s hospital centres with 97% of all primary
spatial trajectories are targeted at them. Secondary spatial trajectories of hospital
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
access are far more dispersed as Veszprém, Kaposvár and Ajka, the secondary hos-
pital centres of our sample area are collecting 75% of spatial trajectories. It is re-
markable that all these three cities are located outside of the sample area. Tertiary
directions of hospital access are still targeted at these three cities, the settlements at
the southern coastline are bound to Kaposvár while the settlements of the northern
coast are bound to Veszprém and Ajka. Nagyatád, Budapest and Pécs are appearing
in the field of hospital services as tertiary destinations.
The analysis of spatial trajectories to spas has produced very definite results.
80% of all primary, secondary and tertiary spatial trajectories are targeted at Hévíz
and Zalakaros. The remaining 20% are bound to Igal in Somogy County. These
spatial trajectories are departing from Igal’s neighbour villages, thus the popularity
and gravitational force of the settlement for its greater environment in this field is
yet far from an appropriate level.
Summarising the spatial trajectories of health services we can identify five ma-
jor health centres on the territory of Lake Balaton Resort District. Of them Tapolca
is the most important (as the destination for 11% of all the spatial trajectories) but
Siófok and Keszthely are also collecting 6% of total spatial trajectories each. Mar-
cali and Balatonfüred have less important functional role in health services. Al-
though Balatonfüred offers outstanding health service and therapeutic services for
people suffering from heart diseases but its special hospital treatment servicing the
whole territory of Hungary does not significantly improve the health service palette
of the neighbour settlements. It is worth mentioning that Veszprém as the second
most important health centre but excluded from the resort district has quite an im-
portant role in its health service system.
2.2.3 The spatial relations of education
The analysis of the spatial trajectories of education was targeted at investigating
what network of primary and secondary centres of education has been formulated
and if there exist any nodes to be regarded as schooling or educational centre is it
overlapping with settlements with functional surplus. This research was based on
the analysis of spatial trajectories to nursery, elementary and secondary schools.
By their nature nursery school spatial trajectories are targeted at mostly
neighbour settlements or those located at a short distance from departure. From the
77 settlements of our analysis 22 has no nursery schools, therefore 3–6 year old
children should travel from them to other settlements. These spatial trajectories are
short and targeted at neighbour settlements in the majority of cases. This is also
true for cities. Tapolca is targeted by three, Keszthely by two spatial trajectories
and Siófok is the destination of one spatial trajectory.
The spatial trajectories to elementary schools are showing a similar pattern, 26
settlements have no low grade classes and 33 have no upper grade classes. These
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
spatial trajectories are very similar to nursery spatial trajectories as mostly low
grade pupils do travel to the neighbour settlements. This kind of spatial trajectory
system is locked with three destinations only to places located outside of Lake Ba-
laton Resort District. One of them is Nikla receiving pupils from Táska the
neighbour village. The other is Kölcse receiving low grade elementary school pu-
pils from Nagycsepely. Taliándörögd is the third one the destination of a spatial
trajectory departing from Vigántpeterd.
The spatial trajectories of upper grade elementary school cover a larger space
including the microregion’s central places and cities such as Tapolca, Fonyód,
Siófok and Kaposvár but for all that these spatial relations are rather dispersed due
to the absence of dominant centres.
The pattern of the spatial trajectories of secondary education is rather different
from the previous ones. A separate analysis has been carried out on the primary,
secondary and tertiary spatial trajectories of grammar schools, special secondary
schools and vocational schools. Six settlements have been proved to be grammar
school centres for the microregion. They are Keszthely, Tapolca, Fonyód, Siófok
and Balatonfüred. However the majority of spatial trajectories for accessing
grammar schools are targeted at Veszprém, a city excluded from our research sam-
ple area, and even Kaposvár, another external’ city, has an important share from
the destinations of grammar school oriented spatial trajectories. Although Balaton-
almádi has fewer spatial connections but its importance in education may be veri-
fied by being selected as destination by several settlements in the microregion and
by the fact that its gravitational zone covers the whole area of Lake Balaton Resort
District. Some additional spatial trajectories are targeted at Pápa (perhaps because
of its Presbyterian Grammar School), Sümeg and even at Budapest and
Nagykanizsa proving how huge gravitational zone special secondary classes do
have.
The spatial trajectories to special secondary and vocational schools are mostly
targeted at the same settlements. Of them again Veszprém has the strongest spatial
relations. Fonyód and Balatonfüred have weaker special secondary schools and
vocational school than grammar school links but Keszthely, Tapolca and Siófok
(especially in case of vocational school relations) have preserved their importance.
Some spatial trajectories of these two school types are targeted at Balatonboglár
but the city’s educational gravitation zone covers only some of its neighbour set-
tlements.
Summarising the spatial trajectories for the access of educational institutions we
can identify five settlements – Keszthely, Tapolca, Fonyód, Siófok and Balaton-
füred – with major educational functions. Some settlements are also functioning as
educational sub-centres such as Balatonalmádi, Marcali and Balatonboglár but the
last two ones are important for their environment only. The two ‘offshore county
seats’ (Veszprém and Kaposvár) are major education centres and this definition is
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
particularly true for Veszprém because the city has collected the majority of edu-
cational spatial trajectories, it really deserves the ‘city of schools’ title. Unfortu-
nately new cities such as Balatonlelle and Lengyeltóti have been excluded from the
list of educational destinations which is a clear sign of their missing educational
functions.
2.2.4 The spatial trajectories of commercial relations
Analysing shopping habits we can easily detect the system of informal spatial
relations, as shopping habits are very good indicators of commercial gravitational
zones. The orientation of commercial spatial trajectories is completely free, as it
follows residential choices and commercial offers only. Spatial relations are
depending on the ever changing offers – today they can meet all kinds of demands
– and on the habitual sites of shopping. Some newly opened, big shopping centres
may temporarily change the route selection of daily shopping but in several cases
traditions or better accessibility and last but not least high-quality goods and
services are the final determinants of the spatial trajectories of shopping.
Our investigation on the directions of commercial spatial trajectories on the ter-
ritory of Lake Balaton Resort District may be of a particular interest as commerce
is just the very sector that – because of tourism – makes this microregion different
from the commercial provision of an average Hungarian microregion. Local resi-
dents in their responses marked ten settlements with poor commercial supply. Of
the two settlements – Szigliget and Paloznak – are situated on the shore of Lake
Balaton the others are small, offshore settlements. In the last 10–15 years new
shopping centres were opened on the shore area but their opening hours with the
opening hours of several small shops are tailored to the patterns of high-season pe-
riod. This raises the question to what extent commercial plants do contribute to the
satisfaction of the local residents’ demands. The analysis of spatial trajectory di-
rections helps us to find a definite answer.
Our analysis of commercial spatial trajectories comprised an assessment of spa-
tial trajectories targeted at different special shops and shopping centres including
primary, secondary and tertiary spatial trajectories by asking in case when shop-
ping ends with no success which settlement’s special shop will be visited for the
second and which for the third attempt? We also inquired on the most important
shopping centres for the settlement and its environment.
The primary spatial trajectories of commerce are targeted at settlements of tra-
ditional good commercial provision. 83% of the total commercial spatial trajecto-
ries are targeted at ten settlements. Of them one (Veszprém) is excluded from the
research sample area and one (Badacsonytomaj2) is not a city. For the majority of
2 t the time of our investigation Badacsonytomaj was not a city yet.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
commercial spatial trajectories Tapolca (140), Keszthely (113) and Veszprém (100)
are the final destinations. The are followed by Balatonfüred, Siófok and Bala-
tonlelle. Marcali and Balatonboglár with 30 trajectories are the third in the ranking
of commercial functions. The number of trajectories is less than twenty in case of
Fonyód and Badacsonytomaj. Badacsonytomaj is worth for a note as this is the
only significant commercial centre that has not yet won city rank. Its neighbour
settlements (Balatonrendes, Ábrahámhegy) have marked as their primary commer-
cial centre.
The secondary spatial trajectories are more dispersed than the primary ones as
only 77% of spatial trajectories are targeted at ten settlements. The commercial
centres of secondary spatial trajectories are not coinciding with the primary ones.
In this case Veszprém and Tapolca are standing at the first and second places. Mar-
cali is the third in the ranking of secondary commercial centres. This is well
illustrating Marcali’s inferior role in commerce. Keszthely and Balatonfüred are
also important centres and the next group consists of settlements as follows:
Balatonboglár, Badacsonytomaj, Lengyeltóti, Zalaegerszeg, Balatonlelle, Balaton-
almádi and Siófok. It is a bit surprising that only 11 spatial trajectories are targeted
at Siófok but at the same time Lengyeltóti – a new city – is emerging as a new
destination of shopping. Budapest is also marked as a secondary destination.
Tertiary destinations are completely different from the secondary ones as they
are excluded from the microregion. These external centres are Nagykanizsa, Zalae-
gerszeg and Kaposvár and with the exception of Tapolca the microregion’s settle-
ments are unimportant as tertiary destinations. On tertiary level Kaposvár is the
commercial centre for the southern coast of Lake Balaton. Tapolca is the tertiary
centre for the microregion’s north-western part while Nagykanizsa, and Zalaeger-
szeg are the tertiary gravity centres for the west coast settlements of Lake Balaton.
Commercial gravitational zone centres are overlapping with primary spatial
trajectory nodes. 17 settlements have nominated Tapolca for their commercial cen-
tre. Veszprém and Siófok got 9 votes each, Keszthely and Balatonfüred were
marked as tertiary commercial centres by 10 settlements, Balatonlelle and Marcali
were marked by 5 settlements each. Practically these settlements are secondary
commercial centres as well only the circle of their nominator settlements has
changed. Settlements nominating Veszprém for their primary commercial centre
nominated Balatonfüred or Balatonalmádi as their secondary one. A similar change
may be observed for Keszthely and Tapolca, Marcali and Lengyeltóti and Bala-
tonlelle and Siófok.
With the summary of commercial spatial trajectories the commercial nodes of
the microregion’s internal and external space may clearly be identified. On the ba-
sis of spatial trajectory destinations we can identify seven commercial centres.
They are as follows: Tapolca, Veszprém, Keszthely, Balatonfüred, Siófok, Bala-
tonlelle and Marcali. Kaposvár and Nagykanizsa are secondary and tertiary com-
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
mercial centres. Badacsonytomaj is also a worthy of note place from this point
with significant number of spatial trajectories verifying the settlement’s functional
role as a microregional centre. Hévíz and Zalakaros have been excluded from the
list of commercial type cities because they are performing totally different func-
tions (spa tourism). The unimportance of Balatonföldvár, Balatonalmádi and
Fonyód in the field of commerce is a bit surprising. These places have been spe-
cialised at accommodating guests for high season period only and local residents
do not consider them as commercial centres.
As a general rule the microregion’s settlements and the local residents’ spatial
trajectories are not targeted at seasonally open supermarkets, they prefer shopping
in traditional, multifunctional commercial centres. This seems to verify the hy-
pothesis that supermarkets in the coastal zone of Lake Balaton have been built
rather for the provision of tourists than of the natives.
2.2.5 The spatial relations of financial services
In our age financial services get a high appreciation in the hierarchy of services.
This is particularly true in case of a microregion where tourism has primary
importance involving a higher than average financial activity performed both by
local residents and tourists. Our questionnaire was inquiring on the local palette of
financial services and the spatial trajectories of local residents for accessing the
relevant financial institution for the services they need. In a similar way to the
previous case we have assessed the directions of primary and secondary spatial
trajectories for the identification of primary and secondary centres. We have
completed this spatial analysis with an assessment on the directions of spatial
trajectories targeted at the gravitational zone centres of residential savings and
other financial services.
Of the 77 responding settlements 34 have reported on the local availability of a
financial institution be it as a savings cooperative, bank branch or local post office
with banking functions. Cities offer a far wider palette of financial services as they
generally have three-four but in several cases (e.g. Siófok) five banks offering a
wide range of financial services for local residents, for the citizens of the agglom-
eration settlements or for tourists.
The primary spatial trajectories for accessing banking services are targeted at
four cities. They are Tapolca, Keszthely, Siófok and Balatonfüred. The lower num-
ber of primary spatial trajectories implies lower importance in banking in cities of
Balatonboglár, Marcali, Fonyód and Lengyeltóti. Tapolca, Veszprém and Balaton-
boglár are the nodes of the secondary spatial trajectories of banking services and on
secondary level Nagyvázsony is emerging as a new destination for its neighbour-
hood.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Questionnaire data are verifying the role of Tapolca,, Keszthely, Siófok, Vesz-
prém and Balatonfüred as the financial centres for their gravitational zone. 60% of
the total financial spatial trajectories are targeted at these cities, another 20% are
targeted at minor cities with Nagyvázsony and Nagykanizsa a city located outside
of the research sample area the financial centre for Zalakaros and Nagyrada. The
remaining 20% are occasional, in the majority of cases reflexive or neighbourhood
oriented relations.
2.2.6 The spatial relations of recreational activities
The spatial relations of cultural and sports events have spatial organisational force
and at the same time they indicate local society based inter-settlement relations
which are initiated in the majority of cases within these to fields (culture and
sport). The analysis of spatial trajectories reveals those centres that may be
considered as ‘sanctuaries’ of cultures and sport. For localising these places we
have assessed the primary and secondary trajectories of various cultural and sports
events but also conducted a survey on the location of most visited theatres,
cinemas, entertainment programmes, concerts and other cultural facilities and
sports events.
The primary spatial trajectories of the aforementioned events show a rather dis-
persed spatial pattern depending on the type of event itself. No doubt, that the spa-
tial trajectories of theatre visits have been concentrated in the microregion’s theatre
centres: Kaposvár, Veszprém and Zalaegerszeg. No other settlements have been
marked by the respondents as destinations. The spatial trajectories of cinema visits
are more dispersed. Besides cities villages with cinema are also marked as destina-
tion. These are Sármellék, Balatonfőzfı and Révfülöp. A similar fragmentation of
spatial trajectories may be recognised in the destinations of entertainment pro-
grammes. This fragmentation has been resulted from the wide palette of pro-
grammes organised by local societies, in several cases spatial trajectories are tar-
geted at very small settlements which is clearly marking the increasing significance
of local cultural events (Somogybabod, Kapolcs). Some special cultural centres are
also emerging on the map such as Tihany and Balatonföldvár. The spatial trajecto-
ries of sports events – as expected – were the most dispersed which is in a strong
correlation with the participation and the number of fans at local sports events. The
spatial trajectories of sports events are not concentrated into cities, for example
only three spatial trajectories are targeted at Tapolca and 54% of the total number
of spatial trajectories is targeted at non-urban settlements. The spatial trajectories
of discos and other cultural events are showing a similar pattern.
Within this dispersed network finding cultural and sports centres concentrating
a significant number of spatial trajectories is a more difficult job. Although the sig-
nificance of sports related spatial trajectories is weaker than of educational or
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
commercial ones they still may be recognised on the map of spatial relations. Of
the microregion’s cities Veszprém, Keszthely, Siófok and Tapolca have collected
the highest number of primary spatial trajectories but Balatonfüred and Balaton-
boglár are also important sport and cultural centres. The ranking of sports related
spatial trajectories is ending with the two ‘legitimated’ county seats (Kaposvár and
Zalaegerszeg) situated outside of the research sample area.
The system of secondary spatial trajectories shows less density and a higher
number of spatial trajectories is targeted at settlements situated at a greater distance
off from their departure points such as Budapest for example.
The majority of secondary spatial trajectories are targeted at Tapolca. Veszprém
has the second highest number of spatial trajectories. Siófok maintains its third po-
sition and the fourth place is shared by Keszthely with Balatonfüred. The next two
cities are Kaposvár and Balatonlelle a city famous for its sports and cultural events
and discos.
And finally, by summing up primary and secondary spatial trajectories we can
map the microregion’s recreational centres. The highest number of recreational
spatial trajectories is targeted at Veszprém, Tapolca, Keszthely and Siófok. Bala-
tonfüred is a significant cultural centre while Kaposvár and Zalaegerszeg are
functioning as cultural sub-centres for the microregion.
2.2.7 The spatial relations of tourist accommodation
This chapter is dealing with another aspect of spatial relations. Here we are
analysing not local residential shifts or spatial trajectories as we have done so far
but rather the departure settlements of tourists accommodated in the settlements of
our research sample area. We also investigated the places of permanent residence
of the holiday-home or holiday landowners having properties at the settlements of
Lake Balaton Resort District and having a kind of local ties. Unfortunately, we
received detailed and correct responses to our questionnaire only in a few cases,
especially from holiday home proprietors; therefore our presentation is based on
the evaluation of trends only.
Our research evaluation has verified the famous Hungarian slogan ‘Budapest is
the capital of Lake Balaton’. 20% of the spatial trajectories of tourist accommoda-
tion are departing from Budapest. 42 settlements (of the total 77) are reporting
having holiday home owners from Budapest and the majority of settlements ac-
commodate tourists from Budapest. Presumably due to incomplete responses – es-
pecially from the eastern coastal areas of Lake Balaton – neighbourhood cities have
less important role in tourist accommodation than expected. This is particularly
true in case of Székesfehérvár with only 4% of spatial trajectories originated from
here. This implies a lower ratio of spatial trajectories than Pécs and Gyır have.
Looking at the spatial trajectories between some large cities and the settlements of
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
our research sample area we can observe that the territory of Lake Balaton, espe-
cially its shore district is divided into zones by the departure cities of tourists.
Which zone is selected as a destination by which city’s tourists depends principally
on the zone’s accessibility. The eastern coast has a majority of tourists originating
from Székesfehérvár. Gyır dominates nearly over the whole northern coast, princi-
pally between Balatonalmádi and Tihany and between Balatonszepezd and
Gyenesdiás. The ‘territory’ of Pécs covers an area between Balatonmáriafürdı and
Siófok, practically the full southern coast of Lake Balaton. Spatial trajectories de-
parting from Zalaegerszeg and Szombathely are targeted principally at the area
between Balatongyörök and Balatonmáriafürdı. By all means it seems obvious that
domestic holidaymakers and tourists visiting Lake Balaton are coming mostly from
Budapest and Trandanubia. Certainly the cities of Great Plain are also represented
among the departure settlements of spatial trajectories but their dominance com-
pared to that of Transdanubian cities is by far less.
Tapolca and Káli Basins, the microregion’s two special zones, with Hévíz and
Tapolca the two cities with spa are also worth for a note. The settlements of Ta-
polca but principally of Káli Basin – as it has been verified by spatial trajectory
analyses – are favourite destinations for visitors from Budapest. Every settlement
has spatial trajectories departing from Budapest. The same is true for the spatial
relations with Germany and Austria. Here an unstoppable process seems to have
started. The area has become fashionable and this also comprises the real threat of
uncontrolled developments with losing the very same values that made the land-
scape so beautiful and valuable. Something has to be done right now so that to pre-
serve this place’s background role in tourism and to preserve it as an area for sus-
tainable, eco and heritage tourism.
Zalakaros and Hévíz, the two spa cities, have different patterns of spatial rela-
tionship. While Hévíz is a traditional spa city, the majority and most important
visitors are coming from Budapest to here. Zalakaros, a new holiday centre
reveives the most visitors from Nagykanizsa. Both cities have extensive German,
Austrian and Swiss relations.
In the European context the spatial trajectories of Lake Balaton reflect Hun-
gary’s traditional international relations. Of the 77 settlements 59 has relations
with Germans who emerge either as holiday landowners or as tourists. German
spatial trajectories are followed by Austrian ones. 38 settlements have Austrian
spatial trajectories and relations. Beyond these two countries the relations with
Switzerland and the Netherlands have significant importance. Swiss tourists are
preferring exclusive places while the Dutch are visiting mostly off-shore settle-
ments. Some visitors from Finland, Denmark, Sweden, Italy and France are also
recurring to here but they are bound to one or two settlements only on a random
occurrence basis.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
2.2.8. The general features of spatial relations
I have presented the spatial trajectories of different activities and functions with
their concentration points and nodes inside and outside of the microregion. By
summarising spatial trajectories we can map spatial trajectories of residential
preference. As with the exception of tourist accommodation related spatial
trajectories all spatial trajectories are marking the spatial shifts of local residents
our summary will exclude the results of the spatial trajectory analyses of recreation
and tourist accommodation (Table 3).
The structure of spatial trajectories is partially reflecting the hierarchy of set-
tlement network, the majority of spatial trajectories is targeted at traditional cities
(Figure 2). The analysis clearly shows that the research sample area (Lake Balaton
Resort District) has no ‘capitals’, there are no cities functioning as a central place
for the microregion. Of the microregion’s 13 cities eight are destinations of high
significance but five have no importance at all. The settlements receiving the high-
est number of spatial trajectories, i.e. the most heavily ‘used’ by local residents are
as follows: Tapolca, Keszthely, Siófok, Balatonfüred, Marcali, Balatonboglár and
Balatonlelle. Beyond these cities Badacsonytomaj is the only village that receives a
significant number of spatial trajectories. The second highest number of spatial
trajectories is concentrated in Veszprém, therefore the city should be treated as a
part of the microregion.
Hévíz, Balatonalmádi, Balatonföldvár, Zalakaros and Lengyeltóti are cities with
insignificant number of spatial trajectories.
The analysis produced a surprising result: practically there are no relations be-
tween the northern and southern coasts of Lake Balaton. No spatial trajectories
have been found to be targeted at any settlements of the southern coastline from the
northern coast (or vice versa). The spa cities of the western coast of the lake were
the only connection points between the two spatial trajectories being equally vis-
ited by the residents of both coasts.
There are three major poles in the spatial structure of the northern coast. Ta-
polca is the destination for the majority of spatial trajectories but this high position
is resulting from its good geographical position in the micro-village space, from its
good transport connections and from its traditional urban functions. Tapolca is
practically the centre of the western part of the northern coast. Keszthely is the sub-
centre of the microregion, serving as the primary centre for the west-coast villages
of Lake Balaton. The functions between Tapolca and Keszthely are well-divided as
in some functions Keszthely is the primary destination and Tapolca is the secon-
dary and vice versa. Keszthely is the primary destination for educational and cul-
tural spatial trajectories.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Table 3
Orientation of spatial trajectories departing from the settlements of Lake
Balaton Resort District (%)
Commercial
Health
Transport
Educational Recreational Public admin-
Services
Total
service
istrational
Tapolca
17.06
11.30
12.22
8.69
9.38
15.82
16.24
13.69
Veszprém
13.69
9.83
11.78
10.46
13.49
14.73
7.22
12.34
Keszthely
12.36
6.39
9.72
8.84
9.21
12.75
11.08
10.46
Siófok
5.90
6.63
6.63
5.01
9.05
10.33
8.76
7.22
Balatonfüred
8.22
3.69
6.48
4.42
6.25
5.27
6.70
6.32
Marcali
5.27
4.79
2,95
3.09
2.96
7.69
3.09
4.50
Kaposvár
2.39
3.32
6.63
4.71
4.77
0.66
1.29
3.58
Balatonboglár
3.79
1.97
3.24
2.80
4.44
1.76
5.15
3.40
Fonyód
1.40
1.97
2.80
6.92
0.99
7.91
2.06
3.11
Balatonlelle
5.41
0.98
3.98
0.29
3.95
1.10
0.77
2.99
Zalaegerszeg
2.04
1.60
3.09
2.36
4.11
0.44
0.26
2.19
Hévíz
0.91
7.86
2.06
1.03
2.14
0.22
0.26
2.31
Nagykanizsa
3.30
1.47
1.62
1.62
1.48
1.76
1.80
2.11
Budapest
0.77
0.61
1.18
0.15
1.48
0.00
0.00
0.70
Other settlements
17.49
37.59
25.63
26.07
26.32
19.56
64.95
26.27
Total
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
Source: Settlement-level questionnaire.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Figure 2
The breakdown and intensity of spatial trajectories at Lake Balaton
Source: Settlement level questionnaire.
Veszprém is the centre for the eastern half of the northern coast. Some villages
on the northern coast such as Nemesvámos, Nagyvázsony and Tagyon and even
some larger settlements as Balatonalmádi, Balatonfőzfı consider it as their primary
centre. Veszprém is also the destination of the primary spatial trajectories of the
north-eastern coast functioning for them as a primary centre. Balatonfüred is the
secondary centre only of the north-eastern coast of Lake Balaton. This shadowed
position is explained by the functional sufficit of Veszprém but the poor accessi-
bility of the settlements of Balatonfüred microregion is another contribution to
this handicapped situation. Balatonalmádi, the smallest and youngest city of the
northern coast of Lake Balaton also falls into the gravitational zone of Veszprém
and the two other cities’ (Veszprém and Balatonalmádi) with their traditional and
stronger functions are sucking off even the spatial trajectories of settlements situ-
ated in the close environment of Balatonalmádi.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
The settlement structure at the southern shore has some similarities with that of
the northern coast: it has also multiple poles but has more urban settlements and
cities are forming a special agglomeration system along the coastline. The majority
of these cities are new and this is also true for off-shore cities, therefore their
functional system is yet incomplete. The majority of spatial trajectories departing
from the settlements of the southern coast are targeted at Siófok. Marcali is the
other central settlement of the southern coast. The cities of the southern shore zone
such as Balatonboglár, Balatonlelle and Fonyód receive an equal share of spatial
trajectories. Lengyeltóti, the newest city, has no spatial organisational functions,
and the same is true for Zalakaros being the destination of health service related
visits only.
– The role of ‘legitimated’ county seats and of Nagykanizsa in spatial organi-
sation:
The different spatial relations of Veszprém, Kaposvár and Zalaegerszeg, the
three county seats, can easily be mapped on the basis of spatial trajectory analysis.
By applying this method we have calculated the gravity value of settlements lo-
cated outside the microregion, i.e. we have divided the number of spatial trajecto-
ries targeted at a city with the total number of spatial trajectories (Annex 2). The
results show that Veszprém has a far greater gravitational force on some settle-
ments than Kaposvár or even Zalaegerszeg on their neighbourhood. While Vesz-
prém is targeted by primary spatial trajectories the other two county seats are tar-
geted by secondary or tertiary spatial trajectories only. The spatial trajectories of
theatres are the only exceptions from this rule. While the gravity value of Vesz-
prém is exceeding the value of 50% in several cases which may be illustrated by
the examples of Nagyvázsony, Nemesvámos, Veszprémfajsz and Hidegkút, in case
of Kaposvár 20% is the highest gravity value. This value is corresponding with the
gravity value of small towns such as Marcali or Balatonboglár. Zalaegerszeg has
even lower gravity value.
– Lake Balaton Resort District in the context of Hungarian and European space
The analysis of the local residents’ spatial trajectories has shown that local
population through their everyday lifestyle and through the performance of shop-
ping, cultural, service, educational and administrative functions is not directly con-
nected with the other settlements and big cities of Transdanubia. This microregion,
in this respect, has similar features with any other microregions of Hungary. How-
ever during high tourist season period these settlements are widely opening their
gates to the Hungarian and European space, in domestic relations to Budapest and
the other cities of Transdanubia (Gyır, Pécs, Székesfehérvár and Szombathely),
and they are welcoming European tourists principally from Germany and Austria.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
2.2.9 Spatial structure in the reflection of spatial trajectory analysis
Spatial trajectory analysis is suitable for finding an answer to such questions as for
example does a settlement perform central functions for its closer environment or
how much gravitational force has a city for a settlement or how much closure is
represented in its relationship system within the microregion of our research. To
provide a reply for all these questions we have calculated the values of cohesion,
individual closure, microregional closure and urban gravity.
We have calculated each value for all the settlements involved into our research
(Annex 3). The values of individual closure and the values of cohesion are definite
indicators of settlements standing on the lower levels of hierarchy as those with
low closure and cohesion values can perform their basic functions neither for them-
selves nor for their environment. In very extreme cases both values may be zero.
We have found ten settlements with zero values. These settlements have no re-
flexive spatial trajectories, all services are available elsewhere only and they are
neither marked as destinations from any other settlements, therefore they have been
left without inbound relations. Among these settlements we can find a coastal one
(Örvényes) but the majority of this group consists of off-coastal micro-settlements.
They are listed in the table under the column heading of ‘Settlements with signifi-
cant functional shortages’.
The second group consists of settlements with low cohesion but high closure
value. These settlements are able for servicing their own demands, i.e. they have a
high number of reflexive spatial trajectories but their low cohesion level is indi-
cating a low number of inbound relations, which means that the importance of
these settlements for their environment is low. These settlements are listed in the
table under the column heading of ‘Satisfied settlements’.
The third group consists of settlements with low individual closure and high co-
hesion value. They categorize themselves as a settlement having too few functions
but a high number of spatial trajectories are targeted at them and their functional
excess enables them for providing services for the neighbour settlements. Hence-
forth we categorise them as ‘unsatisfied’ settlements.
The fourth group consists of central settlements with high individual closure
and high cohesion values. These settlements are performing central functions both
for themselves and their environment. Due to their high cohesion value they are
functioning as multifunctional centres for their neighbour settlements.
Beyond the aforementioned disjunctive categories spatial trajectory analysis is a
suitable instrument for creating an additional category indicating the openness of
settlements towards areas beyond the microregion. This category consists of set-
tlements with spatial trajectories targeted beyond their microregion, thus having
strong ties with areas falling outside their microregion. Only peripheral or very
open settlements have low values of microregional closure as their relationship
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
system is the most oriented towards external territories. In our case some settle-
ments (Balatonfőzfı, Balatonalmádi, Nagyvázsony, Nemesvámos etc.) have sev-
eral spatial trajectories targeted at Veszprém as it is shown by their urban gravity
values. For this reason the settlements of the northern coast have low microregional
closure value in the majority of cases. Henceforth they will be referred to as ‘open
settlements for external territories’. This latter fact explains why Veszprém is
treated as a part of the microregion.
The categorisation of the settlements of our research sample by the categories
set forth above is presented by Table 4.
2.3 The analysis of the spatial relations of Szigetköz
This investigation is special in the sense that in 1993 right before the political
transformation a spatial relation analysis had already been prepared for the territory
of Szigetköz and this is repeated now after a ten year’s period. We can compare the
results of the two analyses and can see how residential spatial trajectories have
changed during the past ten years of transition, what were the determining factors
of changes if there have been any, which spatial trajectories have changed for the
most part and what were the reasons of these changes? Both researches are
associated with the preparation of the development concept of Szigetköz and their
results are available in the Library of West-Hungarian Research Institute
(Szigetköz társadalmi... 1993; Szigetköz területfejlesztési... 2003).
Unfortunately the processing of questionnaires for three settlements of the re-
search sample area has failed and this raises the problem as if the missing settle-
ments should be treated as outsiders but Dunasziget, Dunaremete and Ásványráró
are inseparable from the landscape unit of Szigetköz. Any inbound flows into these
three settlements will be regarded as intraregional even if the exclusion of these
settlements from the research sample will produce no outbound spatial trajectories
distorting the research sample in this way.
The investigation was carried out by the means of settlement-level question-
naires. This method was differing from the ones previously applied that during the
collection of educational and commuting data the number of travellers was counted
for the weighing of spatial trajectories. The following analysis is comparing the
data of our research having carried out in year 2003 with those of the previous re-
search having carried out ten years before.
The microregion became famous at the change of political system as this is the
site of the worldwide famous political Gabčikovo–Nagymaros Dam conflict. Un-
fortunately neither of its political nor environmental conflicts has been resolved so
far which makes the implementation of the area’s long-term development concept
rather unpredictable and requires the rethinking and changing of regional and rural
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Table 4
Types of settlement categories resulting from spatial trajectory analysis
Settlements with
Settlements with
‘Satisfied’
‘Unsatisfied’
Central
Open settlements for
significant functional functional shortages
settlements
settlements with
settlements
external territories
shortages
functional excess
Balatonrendes
Ábrahámhegy
Látrány
Balatonszárszó
Balatonboglár
Balatonalmádi
Hegyesd
Balatonberény
Litér
Balatonszemes
Fonyód
Balatonfőzfı
Hidegkút
Balatoncsicsó
Nemesgulács
Balatonszentgyörgy
Hévíz
Hidegkút
Lesencefalu
Balatongyörök
Szigliget
Buzsák
Keszthely
Litér
Örvényes
Balatonhenye
Tihany
Gyenesdiás
Marcali
Nagyrada
Siójut
Balatonszılıs
Monostorapáti
Siófok
Nagyvázsony
Szentkirályszabadja
Bálványos
Nagyvázsony
Tapolca
Nemesvámos
Szılısgyörök
Balatonmáriafürdı
Nemesvámos
Szentkirályszabadja
Tagyon
Dörgicse
Pécsely
Tótvázsony
Veszprémfajsz
Hegymagas
Révfülöp
Veszprémfajsz
Kéthely
Sármellék
Zalakaros
Kapolcs
Tótvázsony
Karád
Zalakaros
Mindszentkálla
Badacsonytomaj
Lesencetomaj
Balatonalmádi
Nagycsepely
Balatonföldvár
Nagyrada
Balatonfőzfı
Ordacsehi
Paloznak
Rezi
Salföld
Ságvár
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Table 4 continued
Settlements with
Settlements with
‘Satisfied’
‘Unsatisfied’
Central
Open settlements for
significant functional functional shortages
settlements
settlements with
settlements
external territories
shortages
functional excess
Somogybabod
Somogysámson
Somogytur
Szentantalfa
Szentbékálla
Szentgyörgyvár
Szólád
Táska
Vállus
Várvölgy
Vászoly
Vigántpeterd
Vonyarcvashegy
Visz
Zamárdi
Zalavár
Source: Own calculation on the basis of settlement level questionnaires.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
development programmes. I would like to mention just one thing of this bundle,
namely the issue of national parks emerging from time to time on debates then dis-
appearing again without making any progress. Although the microregion regularly
faces environmental crises but so far no signs of socio-economic backwardness or
lagging have occurred here. The rate of population growth is exceeding the
county’s average and it was only stagnating when the county’s population showed
a decreasing trend (between 1941–1949 and 1980–1990). Today the total popula-
tion of the microregion’s 27 settlements is 38 thousand with an average settlement
size of 1400 inhabitants/village. Only three settlements have less than 500 inhabi-
tants. From this settlement structure we can conclude that this type of spatial rela-
tionship structure is differing from that of Répcesík, a peripheral and small village
based settlement network.
2.3.1 Administrative and official spatial relations
Of the settlements involved into our research fifteen provides administrative
services for the locals only as no entry of administrative service oriented spatial
trajectories have been detected into any of these settlements from outside.
Settlements providing administrative services are as follows: Nagybajcs, Kisbabot,
Vének, Abda, Máriakálnok, Vámosszabadi, Gyırladamér, Dunaszentpál, Levél,
Darnózseli, Rajka, Mecsér, Bezenye, Kunsziget and Gyırújfalu.
There are nine settlements providing administrative services not only for the lo-
cals but for outsiders as well. They are Hédervár, Püski, Kimle, Gyırzámoly, He-
gyeshalom, Dunaszeg, Kisbajcs, Halászi and Dunakiliti. Six of them are notarial
district centres. Some other administrative functions are concentrated in Halászi,
Kimle and Hegyeshalom. Hegyeshalom and Kimle are building society centres
while Halászi is a district police centre. 50% of non-primary administrative spatial
trajectories are collected by two cities: Gyır and Mosonmagyaróvár.
When comparing the results of the 2003 research with those collected ten years
before one can see that small local governments are performing multiple tasks
themselves. Spatial trajectories are more dispersed and the settlements of
Dunaszeg, Gyırzámoly and Kimle have greater significance for their neighbour-
hood while Gyır and Mosonmagyaróvár are collecting 65% of spatial trajectories
than they did ten years before. The majority of court, labour and police station ori-
ented spatial trajectories are unanimously attached to these two cities but the
mayor’s offices of villages are also administering a growing number of official
cases. Official case clearances have been more restricted to the territory of mi-
croregion.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
2.3.2 Commercial spatial relations
Residential commercial spatial relations are determined by demand-supply
relationship. The intensity of their usage depends on the supply of commercial
units and on local residents’ income and mobility level.
We have analysed the spatial trajectories to different shops. As shopping situa-
tion may imply alternative choices we have investigated primary, secondary and
tertiary spatial trajectories, seeking for the place where the local residents’ first
(primary) unsatisfied shopping demands are going to be satisfied next. We wanted
to see if the second attempt of shopping is ending with no success which settlement
will be the third to be visited (tertiary spatial trajectory) for shopping purposes.
The directions of commercial spatial trajectories – just as we have expected –
proved to be rather dispersed. Primary spatial trajectories remain at local level
which indicates a good commercial supply in settlements as food and essential
goods are purchased in local shops. But even in this case the majority of spatial
trajectories are targeted at Mosonmagyaróvár (37%) and Gyır (30%). The settle-
ments in the agglomeration zone of Gyır are purchasing their daily food stock in
Gyır and this is also true in case of Halászi, a settlement near Mosonmagyaróvár
whose commercial spatial trajectory is closely attached to Mosonmagyaróvár.
The orientations of secondary spatial trajectories are showing a greater domi-
nance of cities. They are bound to the two cities in 90% but the share of Gyır is
60%. We are unable to provide a reliable analysis on tertiary spatial trajectories as
the relevant questionnaire items were not replied in the majority of cases and the
low number of input data would produce false results.
When comparing the present results with the old ones we can see that shopping
is made locally or at the neighbour cities, the microregion has no commercial sub-
centres. Perhaps Hegyeshalom is worth mentioning due to the high number of
commercial spatial trajectories ending here but this is explained by its border city
functions involving a high number of commercial and catering establishments.
Trading activities have been concentrated principally in cities during the last ten
years. While ten years ago the proximity of Austria was a major factor in the pur-
chase of car, home electricity and manufactured goods, its importance has dimin-
ished by now and a less number of spatial trajectories are targeted beyond the bor-
der. The fact that the present shopping spatial trajectories do not go beyond Gyır
and Mosonmagyaróvár is explained by the growth of the two cities’ commercial
supply, by the changing of shopping habits and by the opening of new big shop-
ping centres.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
2.3.3 The spatial relations of services
While the spatial trajectories of retail trade habits were assessed for the network of
special shops our investigation on the spatial trajectories of services was limited to
some special services only. Our analysis covered the spatial trajectories attached to
financial services (various banking services), and car related services such as the
accessibility of petrol and car service stations.
These services are principally attached to urban settlements but some sub-cen-
tres are also emerging in the palette, such as Hédervár and Halászi. Hédervár may
thank the majority of its incoming spatial trajectories to its petrol station. This
place offers the nearest petrol filling services for six settlements.
Halászi is a financial sub-centre due to its savings cooperative. The importance
of financial services is great in the settlement’s everyday life. The secondary spa-
tial trajectories of the settlements of the inner part of Szigetköz (Darnózseli,
Hédervár, Lipót, Püski and Kisbodak) are also targeted at here.
The directions to the nearest and most frequently visited car service stations are
showing an unexpected trend. The emergence and diffusion of western, high brand
cars would raise an expectation that spatial trajectories are targeted at the service
stations of various car brands but this hypothesis has not been proved in practice.
The number of reflexive local spatial trajectories is very high meaning that several
settlements have their own small but good car repair stations servicing local car
owners at a satisfactory level. The visits to car brand service stations still have a
random character.
All service related spatial trajectories are distributed between Mosonmag-
yaróvár and Gyır at a share of 20% each. The two sub-centres’ percentage value is
6% each. Of the remaining spatial trajectories the rate of reflexive (local) spatial
trajectories is rather high due to the local level extension of financial services. This
was unusual ten years before.
2.3.4 The breakdown of educational spatial trajectories
Educational spatial trajectories may be regarded as one of the most intensive
relations as every settlement has secondary school students who are builders and
carriers of educational connections. Although visiting schools is typical for a
certain age group only, schools with their gravitational zones may influence a
microregion’s spatial relation system and vice versa as general relations as whole
may also influence the directions of educational spatial trajectories.
The microregion’s two cities have an important role in the spatial relations of
both nursery and primary education. 50% of nursery and primary school spatial
trajectories are targeted at Gyır, while the remaining settlements are district school
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
centres. They are Kisbajcs, Dunakiliti, Hédervár and Püski. These schools were
already functioning as district centres ten years before.
The spatial trajectories of secondary education have greater significance than
that of the primary ones. We have carried out a detailed analysis on the spatial tra-
jectories of grammar schools, special schools and vocational schools. Of the set-
tlements of our research sample area 143 spatial trajectories are targeted ten at set-
tlements including the closest two cities to the microregion (Gyır and Mosonmag-
yaróvár). The most popular secondary school centre is Gyır, offering the widest
choice of secondary schools. Mosonmagyaróvár is the next after Gyır in popularity
bur Sopron a city situated a bit further off with Pápa, a traditional city of schools
are also important secondary school spatial trajectory destinations.
The number of secondary school related spatial trajectories targeted at external
territories from inside the microregion is three only. Along with Sopron and Pápa,
Vép is the third external target of outbound spatial trajectories. Ten years ago a
significant ratio of secondary special school oriented spatial trajectories were tar-
geted at Csorna but today none of them at all. Some years ago the kindergarten
nurse training school in Csorna had lots of students from all over the county but
today the excess in the number of graduating students with the decreasing number
of children and the closure of schools made the students think over their job selec-
tion policy.
Today 1,147 students are commuting to secondary schools along 88 spatial tra-
jectories. Gyır is the destination for 55% of spatial trajectories but weighting this
ratio with headcount data the result will jump up to 62%. In case of Mosonmag-
yaróvár these values are amounting up to 39% and 37%. The remaining one per
cent of weighted headcounts is shared among the cities of Sopron, Pápa and Vép in
Vas County.
2.3.5 The special features of recreational spatial trajectories
Recreational spatial trajectories are strongly correlating with educational spatial
trajectories because cultural and sport events investigated within the framework of
recreational spatial relations are primarily visited by the young generation
including secondary school students.
The research was investigating three questions: first, which settlements of the
microregion are selected by local residents as recreational centres. Secondly,
whether the cities in the proximity of region are exercising their cultural functions
or not and thirdly, which other cities do have gravitational force on the settlements
of Szigetköz?
The primary destination of theatre performance visits is – not surprisingly –
Gyır having a theatre and theatre company. This city is the destination for the ma-
jority of primary and secondary spatial trajectories (71%, 60%). Mosonmagyaróvár
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
has far less and rather casual significance from this point. While some decades ago
every settlements even the smallest ones had local cinemas with local visitors, now
the location of cinemas is concentrated in cities only. Gyır collects 67% of the
primary and 100% of the secondary spatial trajectories of cinema goers. Multiplex
seems to be the winner of this process.
The spatial trajectories of other forms of entertainment and sports events are
rather dispersed all over the microregion but the majority of spatial trajectories are
targeted again at Gyır (71% and 50%). In major settlements these spatial trajecto-
ries are self-targeted (reflexive).
Music related entertainments and discos have rather dispersed spatial trajecto-
ries but Dunaszeg has a strong pull of gravity on the settlements of Szigetköz mi-
croregion. Dunakiliti and Lipót are collecting a far less number of spatial trajecto-
ries. The microregion’s leisure time centres are providing various recreational fa-
cilities for the locals as well and this explains the emergence of Dunasziget and
Lipót as additional destinations of leisure time activities. With rebuilding the local
thermal spa into an aquapark Lipót has further increased its importance for the mi-
croregion.
To sum it up, the microregion’s leisure time oriented spatial trajectories are ap-
parently concentrating in two cities (Gyır and Mosonmagyaróvár) but local leisure
time centres and tourist spots are also attracting a significant number of spatial tra-
jectories.
2.3.6 The spatial trajectories of second-home functions
The exploration of spatial trajectories related to second-home visits, i.e. the spatial
relation analysis of recreational zones is another field in our investigation of
recreational spatial trajectories. Unfortunately Dunasziget and Ásványráró have
been excluded from the research which may a bit falsify the figures of final
research results as both settlements have significant number of vacation plots and
second homes. However we have data on the number of second-homes and on the
permanent residence of second home owners, thus we can calculate an average by
the dividing the number of spatial trajectories by the number of second-home
owners.
During the past ten years the microregion’s role in tourism has significantly in-
creased with an increasing number of tourists, tourist facilities and accommodation
capacities. With the increasing role of tourism the importance of second-home
functions has also grown. Between 1994 and 2001 the number of annual visitor
nights has doubled (from 10,521 to 21,519)3.
3 Data are provided by Hungarian Central Statistical Office TSTAR database
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Of the spatial trajectory categories we have investigated so far the location of
the permanent residence of second-home owners shows the largest diversity which
correlates with the microregion’s increasing role in tourism. Holiday home owners
visit this microregion from various cities, such as Mór, Veszprém and Pécs. Of the
settlements of our research sample area Máriakálnok, Vámosszabadi, Lipót and
Vének has the largest number of vacation plots. As regards the spatial distribution
of the permanent location of second-home owners, 38% live in Mosonmagyaróvár,
37% in Gyır, 23% in Austria and the remaining 2% in various parts of Hungary
including Pécs, Veszprém and Budapest. The second-home owners living in
Mosonmagyaróvár as permanent residence mentioned six places as their holiday
home or plot destinations marking in this way the city’s recreational zone. These
places are Máriakálnok, Lipót, Levél, Feketeerdı, Dunakiliti and Darnózseli. The
holiday-home owners of Gyır have weekend homes at twelve settlements of
Szigetköz. Besides Lower-Szigetköz the places of inner-Szigetköz are also popular
holiday destinations and Máriakálnok, a settlement in Upper-Szigetköz, is also vis-
ited by second-home owners from Gyır. Nine settlements have second-home own-
ers from Austria.
2.3.7 The spatial trajectories of commuters
During the past fifteen years the spatial trajectories of commuting have
significantly changed reflecting changes in the structure of economy, in the
corporate system of domestic economic organisations and as a result of the inflow
of foreign direct investments. By now Gyır-Moson-Sopron County’s economy has
recovered from crisis, new important and less important employment centres have
been formed and the spatial trajectories of commuting have been stabilised.
We have mapped the relationships of spatial trajectories on the basis of the da-
tabases of local governments as mayors provided us information not only on the
number of commuters but also estimations on the number of outward and inward
daily commuters. The spatial trajectories of both inward and outward commuters
show a rather dispersed pattern.
The spatial trajectories of inward commuters
Inward commuters are defined as a group of people migrating to a settlement for
employment purposes. Besides the microregion’s settlement there are eight
additional ones plus Austria from where employees commute daily into the
settlements of our microregion. A simple network of spatial trajectories clearly
represents the microregion’s employment centres: settlements receiving employees
from multiple settlements. Their headcount data are also informative. Dunakiliti is
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
the largest centre of inward commuters receiving nearly six hundred commuters
daily. The second group of the largest commuter centres consists of Kunsziget,
Hegyeshalom and Gyırladamér receiving 300, 260 and 200 daily commuters.
Gyırzámoly, Máriakálnok and Rajka also have significant labour gravitational
forces receiving 100–150 daily inward commuters. Abda, Dunaszeg and Kimle are
the third group of commuter centres receiving 40–60 daily commuters. 13
additional settlements receive 8–30 commuters daily but they cannot be regarded
as inward commuter centres because their number of daily outward commuters.
Feketeerdı and Kisbodak are not receiving daily commuters at all.
The number of spatial trajectories i.e. the paths of inward commuting starting
from another settlement is 81. These spatial trajectories are followed by 2,180 peo-
ple every day. The spatial relations of inward commuting are clear indicators of
the economic stability of Szigetköz. Of the microregion’s 27 settlements 11 are
functioning as employment centres, thus the microregion has managed to set up its
own economic relationship system working independently from the economy of the
nearby cities.
The spatial trajectories of outward commuters
Outward commuters are defined as a group of people leaving their home settlement
(residence) on a daily basis for employment purposes and migrating into another
settlement either inside or outside the microregion of our research. Of the
settlements of our research sample area 21 are visited for employment purposes.
Four commuter destinations – Mosonszentmiklós, Jánossomorja, Mosonszolnok
and Budapest – are located outside the microregion. Eight Austrian settlements are
also visited for employment purposes. We counted all the commuter traffic to Gyır
and Mosonmagyaróvár as intraregional. These two cities are functioning as real
employment centres for the microregion. 5,000 people commute daily to Gyır and
2,500 to Mosonmagyaróvár. Austria is the third in the row of the commuter
receivers from Szigetköz now employing 800 daily commuters. Jánossomorja
receives 108 employees from Levél and Mecsér. From the microregion’s
settlements several spatial trajectories are targeted at Gyırladamér and Rajka. The
number of daily commuters visiting these places is 62 and 40. The remaining
settlements have minor role only in the employment of the residents of Szigetköz;
even Kunsziget, employing 300 people, receives only 40 employees from the
villages of Szigetköz.
The number of spatial trajectories i.e. the number of outward commuter paths
connecting one settlement with another is 76. These 76 spatial trajectories are fol-
lowed by 9,086 daily commuters. This is 120 heads per spatial trajectory.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
While the research carried out ten years ago assigned a greater role to cities in
employment not in absolute but relative sense, today villages have an increasing
role in employment and this increased the number of spatial trajectories as well.
Ten years ago only five villages had 142 outward commuters to Austria but today
815 daily commuters from nine villages are employed on the other side of the state
border. While ten years ago besides cities Rajka, Hegyeshalom, Halászi and
Hédervár were functioning as employment centres, today Dunakiliti, Gyırladamér
and Kunsziget have developed into economic and industrial microcentres. Of the
settlements excluded from the territory of Szigetköz microregion Mosonszolnok
and Jánossomorja have major role in the employment of Szigetköz people.
2.3.8 The microregion’s crossborder relations
Szigetköz is located in the border zone, thus it is not surprising that the intensity of
its crossborder relations is higher than any of other areas in Hungary or Gyır-
Moson-Sopron County. The proximity of the Austrian and Slovakian state borders
was encouraging us in assessing the spatial relations established with both
countries. The majority of crossborder spatial relations is targeted at Burgenland
and Csallóköz but the selection of destinations in the two countries’ microregions
has rather an occasional character, the geographical location of the target points of
spatial trajectories is rather dispersed, thus no settlements can be selected as a
node. The majority of responses to our questionnaire marked Csallóköz or
Burgenland as a target of their trips instead of pointing at a single settlement. The
spatial trajectories between Vienna and Szigetköz are principally used by second-
home owners.
2.3.9 Summary of spatial relations
The two cities’ importance is fundamental for their microregion. Gyır has the
majority of spatial relations (32%) being followed by Mosonmagyaróvár with 25%
of spatial relations. These two figures are illustrating the two cities’ dominance
within their microregion. Hegyeshalom, Dunaszeg and Dunakiliti are sharing 2%
of the total number of spatial relations each. This means that more than 40 spatial
trajectories are targeted at each settlement. Hédervár, Halászi, Püski, Nagybajcs,
Kisbajcs, Kunsziget and Kimle has 20–35 spatial trajectories. All the other
settlements involved into our research have collected less than 30 but at least ten
including reflexive (local) spatial trajectories (Table 5).
As in all settlements involved into our research the number of outbound spatial
trajectories is exceeding the number of inbound ones Szigetköz has no settlements
with spatial organisational functions except the two cities.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Table 5
Orientation of spatial trajectories originating from Szigetköz settlements (%)
Commer- Administ- Service
Recre-
Inter-
Educa-
Agri-
Inward
Outward Holiday
Total
cial
rative
ational settlement
tional
cultural
commu-
commu-
home
ters
ters
owners
Gyır
38.80
29.63
19.48
36.21
29.45
52.45
26.73
17.28
25.00
30.77
32.29
Mosonmagyaróvár
33.20
24.79
20.35
16.09
23.97
33.57
24.75
13.58
19.74
15.38
25.33
Hegyeshalom
2.28
4.56
2.60
2.87
0.68
0.00
1.98
3.70
1.32
2.56
2.52
Dunaszeg
1.66
2.28
1.30
5.17
4.79
0.00
4.95
3.70
0.00
0.00
2.36
Dunakiliti
0.21
2.85
3.46
4.60
1.37
2.80
0.99
0.00
9.21
2.56
2.30
Hédervár
0.00
3.13
5.63
0.57
1.37
2.10
0.99
2.47
2.63
0.00
1.92
Halászi
0.83
1.71
6.49
1.72
2.74
0.00
0.00
2.47
1.32
0.00
1.92
Püski
1.45
1.71
3.90
1.15
1.37
2.10
0.99
2.47
2.63
0.00
1.86
Nagybajcs
1.45
1.42
3.03
2.87
2.05
0.00
2.97
2.47
0.00
0.00
1.75
Kisbajcs
0.62
3.99
0.43
0.57
2.05
4.20
1.98
1.23
1.32
0.00
1.75
Kunsziget
1.87
1.71
1.73
2.87
2.74
0.00
1.98
0.00
1.32
0.00
1.70
Kimle
0.62
3.42
2.60
3.45
0.68
0.00
0.99
0.00
1.32
0.00
1.64
Gyırzámoly
0.41
2.28
3.03
1.15
1.37
0.70
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.21
Abda
1.45
1.14
3.46
0.57
0.00
0.00
0.99
1.23
0.00
0.00
1.21
Bezenye
0.41
1.14
2.16
2.30
1.37
0.00
1.98
3.70
0.00
0.00
1.21
Darnózseli
1.45
1.14
1.30
0.00
1.37
0.00
1.98
2.47
1.32
0.00
1.15
Levél
1.66
0.28
2.16
1.72
0.68
0.00
0.99
2.47
0.00
0.00
1.15
Rajka
0.41
0.57
3.03
0.57
1.37
0.00
1.98
3.70
2.63
0.00
1.15
Austria
0.21
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.68
0.00
0.99
1.23
10.53
23.08
1.15
Mecsér
1.04
1.71
1.73
0.57
1.37
0.00
0.99
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.04
Máriakálnok
1.04
1.71
1.73
0.57
0.68
0.00
0.00
1.23
1.32
0.00
1.04
Lipót
0.41
0.00
0.87
4.02
1.37
0.00
1.98
2.47
0.00
0.00
0.93
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Table 5 continued
Commer- Administ-
Service
Recre-
Inter-
Educa-
Agri-
Inward
Outward Holiday
Total
cial
rative
ational settlement
tional
cultural
commu-
commu-
home
ters
ters
owners
Slovakia
2.90
0.00
0.00
0.57
1.37
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.93
Dunaszentpál
0.62
1.71
0.87
0.57
0.68
0.00
0.99
2.47
0.00
0.00
0.88
Ásványráró
0.62
1.14
1.30
0.00
0.68
0.00
1.98
2.47
1.32
0.00
0.88
Gyırladamér
0.21
1.14
1.30
1.15
0.68
0.00
0.00
1.23
3.95
0.00
0.82
Gyırújfalu
0.62
0.85
1.30
1.15
1.37
0.00
0.99
1.23
0.00
0.00
0.82
Egyéb
3.53
3.99
4.76
6.90
11.64
2.10
14.85
24.69
13.16
25.64
7.07
Total
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
100.00
Source: Settlement-level questionnaire.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Spatial relation analysis is a good method for investigating such issues as spatial
closure, the dependence on centres outside the microregion. In the context of this
spatial formation the analysis of spatial relations is a very good method for the lo-
calisation of gravitational zones as the settlement level ‘gravity of Gyır’ or ‘gravity
of Mosonmagyaróvár’ values are good indicators for identifying which settlement
groups belong to the gravitational zone of Gyır or Mosonmagyaróvár on the basis
of a multiple variable residential relationship system. In cases when the ‘gravity of
Gyır’ value is higher than the ‘gravity of Mosonmagyaróvár’ value the relevant
settlements are belonging to the gravitational zone of Gyır. In cases when they are
smaller they do belong to the gravitational zone of Mosonmagyaróvár. of the 26
settlements involved in our research 22 may definitely categorised into one of the
two cities’ gravitational zones. The number of settlements falling into the gravita-
tional zone of Gyır is 11 and of Mosonmagyaróvár is also 11. The settlements of
Gyır agglomeration such as Abda, Dunaszeg, Gyırújfalu, Darnózseli, Hédervár
and Mecsér have 60% or more gravity values. The gravitational force of Gyır and
Mosonmagyaróvár for Hédervár are balanced with a value of 40% each. This
clearly marks the gravitational zone border of the two cities and verifies the appli-
cability of this method. Dunakiliti and Hegyeshalom are in a special position. Al-
though due to their geographical position they fall into the gravitational zone of
Mosonmagyaróvár the gravitational force value of Gyır is almost approaching the
value of Mosonmagyaróvár. This can be explained by the strong functions of He-
gyeshalom and Dunakiliti ‘stealing’ spatial trajectories from the nearby settlements
of Mosonmagyaróvár while secondary and tertiary spatial trajectories are targeted
at Gyır (Annex 4).
Individual and microregional closure with cohesion and centralisation values
are valid indicators of spatial structure. The values of individual closure and cohe-
sion are far higher here than in Répcesík as for example because these villages with
larger population are able to provide basic functional services for themselves. Just
to mention some villages with the highest cohesion values Kunsziget, Dunaszeg,
and Hegyeshalom have strong functional roles. Typically agglomeration villages
such as Gyırújfalu have low individual closure and cohesion values as due to their
strong links with cities they have several outbound spatial trajectories.
The low value of microregional cohesion calls the attention for the demands of
urban functions, i.e. the microregion needs two cities for compactness. High cohe-
sion values are not accompanied with high centralisation values. This means that
settlements with strong functional competences are not operating as microregional
centres. For example the cohesion and centralisation values of Dunaszeg are both
high but the settlement is still unable for functioning as a real centre (Table 6).
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Table 6
The cohesion and centralisation values of the settlements of Szigetköz
Settlement
Local inside Intraregional Spatial trajectories
Total
Inbound
Total
Cohesion
Centra-
spatial
spatial
leaving
departing
lisation
trajectories
trajectories
microregion
Abda
19
2
44
65
3
68
27.94
12.50
Bezenye
15
4
44
63
5
68
22.06
20.83
Darnózseli
15
24
57
96
3
99
15.15
7.14
Dunakiliti
16
17
83
116
17
133
12.03
34.00
Dunaszeg
19
4
40
63
17
80
23.75
42.50
Dunaszentpál
13
10
38
61
2
63
20.63
8.00
Feketeerdı
9
18
46
73
1
74
12.16
3.57
Gyırladamér
10
10
38
58
1
59
16.95
4.76
Gyırújfalu
12
5
37
54
1
55
21.82
5.56
Gyırzámoly
16
5
39
60
4
64
25.00
16.00
Halászi
9
9
43
61
21
82
10.98
53.85
Hédervár
15
13
59
87
16
103
14.56
36.36
Hegyeshalom
30
7
28
65
14
79
37.97
27.45
Kimle
20
8
59
87
8
95
21.05
22.22
Kisbajcs
11
12
30
53
17
70
15.71
42.50
Kisbodak
10
29
44
83
0
83
12.05
0.00
Kunsziget
25
6
34
65
1
66
37.88
3.13
Levél
17
8
43
68
3
71
23.94
10.71
Lipót
7
22
48
77
8
85
8.24
21.62
Máriakálnok
16
5
55
76
1
77
20.78
4.55
Mecsér
17
6
57
80
0
80
21.25
0.00
Nagybajcs
16
7
34
57
13
70
22.86
36.11
Püski
14
12
49
75
16
91
15.38
38.10
Rajka
13
11
39
63
4
67
19.40
14.29
Vámosszabadi
10
11
31
52
1
53
18.87
4.55
Vének
9
16
41
66
1
67
13.43
3.85
Total
383
281
1160
1824
178
2002
33.17
Source: Settlement-level questionnaire.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
During the past ten years the role of cities did not change but the role of borders
did. The spatial relations towards Austria and Slovakia became more balanced in
case of commuting. Austria’s importance has grown in this aspect. The microre-
gion’s internal relation system has changed, with the turning of Dunakiliti, Kun-
sziget and Hegyeshalom into economic and employment centres as well as
Dunaszeg and Kisbajcs into spatial organisers. At the same time however spatial
trajectories are dispersed and no multifunctional subcentres have been formed in
the microregion.
2.4. The spatial relationship analysis in the urban zone of Gyır
Rábcatorok Microregional Development Association has been founded in the mid–
1990s with the cooperation of seven settlements situated northwest from Gyır. The
member settlements are as follows: Ikrény, Enese, Kunsziget, Öttevény,
Rábapatona, Abda and Börcs. For a rural geographer who would like to contribute
to the development of rural space by performing practice-oriented activities the
research of this small rural space of seven settlements with its spatial trajectories
was a good field for empirical research. I carried out this research by using the
information of residential questionnaires. My objective was to collect a sample of
1000 interviews on the basis of predefined criteria. Unfortunately, as Kunsziget
was unable to organise the preparation of questionnaires, only six settlements were
interviewed instead of the original seven and the number of samples was 934 only.
The nearly one thousand replies amount up to almost one fourth of the total
households as an average. The microregions falls into the gravitational zone of
three cities, of them the importance of Gyır is the highest as the microregion is
practically a part of the city’s agglomeration. We have investigated the
microregion’s gravitational degree to the three cities and the different types of
residential shifts. Commercial and service spatial trajectories (including the spatial
trajectories of financial services) are good indicators of the most frequent
directions of shifts. We have traced cultural spatial trajectories, the usual ways of
selling goods at the market, the spatial relations of recreation in a similar way to
the previously mentioned microregions. The residential survey enabled us even to
reveal the spatial network of relatives. Some questions of the survey were inquiring
on cross-border residential relations as well.
2.4.1 The microregion within the sphere of three cities
As it has been defined by earlier researches the microregion of our research is a
part of the inner and outer rings of Gyır agglomeration (Hardi, 2002). We
involved the elements of space-time geography into the questions of residential
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
interviews, thus we collected data concerning the timing, the destination cities and
the distribution of visits taken from the different villages.
Gyır has dominance in all the six settlements as this city is the destination for
66% percent of all urban settlement targeted spatial trajectories. The distribution of
spatial trajectories between the other two cities is 23% and 21% in favour of
Csorna. The difference is the greatest not in the volumes but rather in the frequency
of visits. Gyır is typically visited for the maintaining daily contacts. With the ex-
ception of Enese the number of all settlements’ daily contact number is higher than
the total sum of weekly, monthly or less frequent than monthly visits. This is a
definite mark of the high importance of commuting and of the presence of internal
agglomeration ring within the microregion.
The other two cities are less frequently visited from the seven villages of our re-
search, the most typical frequency value of visits is once in a month or less. The
number of these spatial trajectories is even less than the number of spatial trajecto-
ries targeted at Gyır within the same time slice. Therefore we can firmly state that
according to the responses of our questionnaire Gyır has primacy over the mi-
croregion’s cities.
2.4.2 The spatial trajectories of administration
As we have mentioned our instruments are insufficient for investigating a complete
and comprehensive relation system covering all of its elements. For this reason of
the spatial trajectories of administration and official case clearances we have
analysed those related to the administration of unemployment, health service,
social, police and judicial affairs. It may seem as we are repeating ourselves but the
situation here is the same as in the previous case: the spatial trajectories of all
settlements are self-targeted or aimed at Gyır.
2.4.3 Commercial spatial trajectories
Our investigation of commercial spatial relations comprises the spatial trajectory
analysis of visits to various special shops (18 in total) and petrol stations. The
research ended with the result that – not surprisingly – Gyır is the commercial
centre of the microregion. Although their number is less other inbound and
outbound spatial trajectories are worth for a detailed investigation too. A part of the
residential spatial trajectories of Abda and Ikrény are crossing the border: the
purchasing of cars is connecting them to Austria, and the visits to petrol stations for
filling up cars are connecting them to Slovakia. This latter phenomenon is resulting
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
from petrol price differences only.4 The commercial functions of Abda and
Öttevény are attracting residents of Börcs from outside the microregion.
2.4.4 The spatial trajectories of financial and other services
While commercial spatial trajectories were assessed for special shops the
orientation of service related spatial trajectories can be grouped into two categories.
Besides the spatial relations of traditional services the spatial orientation of
financial services were investigated in our research. The results of research were
not surprising. The only difference in this case was that in other microregions
financial services were much more bound to cities. Here with the exception of
Ikrény the number of self-targeted spatial trajectories is higher than those targeted
at urban settlements or Gyır and the high number of self-targeted spatial
trajectories indicates that the microregion has no settlements of outstanding
financial importance. Basic financial services are available in all settlements of the
microregion and the improvement of local financial services decreased the number
of city targeted financial spatial trajectories.
Our survey comprised various inquiries on the local residents’ route preferences
for using car repair, hairdresser, cosmetics and tailor, dressmaker and library ser-
vices. With the exception of Börcs in all settlements of our research sample the
number of self-targeted spatial trajectories is exceeding the number of outbound
spatial trajectories. Abda and Öttevény have strong servicing and commercial
functions. The residents of Börcs select Abda and Öttevény besides Gyır as final
destination for their service related spatial trajectories but for all the other settle-
ments Gyır is the only destination of service related spatial trajectories.
2.4.5 The spatial trajectories of cultural and sports events
Our investigation of recreational spatial trajectories comprised spatial trajectory
analyses on theatre, cinema, cultural, sports events with classical music concert and
art exhibition oriented activities. The results are definitively supporting the
primacy of Gyır in these areas but a significant number of settlements have self-
targeted (reflexive) spatial trajectories, which is a clear sign of the increasing
power of local societies and of the increasing importance of their programmes. On
the other hand it should not be forgotten that several respondents left this question
unanswered or used only a minor part of answering options. This may mean that
they have no free time or have no need or sufficient income for spending their
leisure time in the way as listed above. Another problem is that villages – perhaps
4 Our investigation was carried out in year 1995.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
because of the incorrect flow of information are not interested in each other’s
cultural and sports events. However, some spatial trajectories are targeted at
Budapest and Sopron, Gyır-Moson-Sopron County’s second cultural centre.
2.4.6 Family relationships
The investigation of the local residents’ family and friendship relations is sensible
in the context of personal interviews only. Maybe these spatial trajectories are
revealing the strongest and deepest relations among settlements that may be much
more intense than any relations of economic or administrative type.
From the 879 valid responses for on inquiries assessing family relations a gen-
eral impression of a quite compact area is drawn. Although our respondents
marked 238 geographical location including nine non-Hungarian settlements to
have relatives or friends their, this number rated to the total number of friend and
family relations is 0.7% only. The microregion’s closure is well illustrated by the
fact that 30.6% of total family relations are bound to seven settlements. Gyır is the
leader regarding the number of relationships as 21.4% of total family relations are
bound to Gyır. This high percentage is explained by two trends: on the one hand
by massive migrations into cities in the 1950s, 60s and 70s and on the other hand
by the suburbanisation of the past fifteen years.
We can localise an external ring of settlements in the microregion’s vicinity
where some family relations are bound to. The settlements of this external ring are
as follows: Kóny, Lébény, Mosonszentmiklós, Gyırszemere and Gyırújbarát.
However it covers only 7.1% of total relationships.
Börcs, Abda, Kunsziget and Öttevény have a rather similar pattern of family
and friendship relations with the same number and orientation of friend and family
relations. The number of family relations is lower than of friendships between
Enese and Rábapatona but Rábapatona and Ikrény have strong family ties, which
may originate from the past when the two settlements were merged. Respondents
from Enese have the weakest family ties with the microregion’s other settlements.
2.4.7 Crossborder spatial trajectories
The extreme importance of crossborder relations is explained by the microregion’s
geographical location. It is very close to the ‘north-western gate’ opening up to two
countries: Slovakia and Austria. The microregion’s geographical location grants
better conditions for building crossborder relations than any other areas of
Hungary. Local residents using the advantages of these two countries’ better
accessibility must have paid regular visits to the neighbour countries for various
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
purposes but we do not know the exact frequency and neither the exact residential
proportion of visits to these countries.
70% of our respondents pay regular visits to Austria and 40% to Slovakia. Very
interesting tendencies are covered by this average figure. The residents in the vi-
cinity of M1 motorway are the most active travellers. The proportion of visitors to
Austria is 71% from Abda and 84% from Öttevény. Similar values are reported
from Börcs and Rábapatona. Lower values are reported from Enese and Ikrény
only but they are still over 50%. The average frequency of our respondents’ trips to
Austria is less than once a month but they keep on planning further trips to there.
46% of our respondents are regular travellers to Slovakia. More than 50% of the
locals travel there from Abda, Börcs and Öttevény. From the other three settle-
ments this figure is 30%. The frequency of trips to Slovakia is similar to those to
Austria as 88% of travellers visit Slovakia with a periodicity of less than once in a
month. In the majority of trips shopping was mentioned as the main motive.
2.4.8 Summary of spatial relations
The network of spatial relations truly reflects a microregion’s spatial relations. By
the assessment of the intensity of spatial shift trajectories we can detect the weak
and strong nodes of connection, the microregion’s gravitational directions i.e. the
whole entirety of the spatial structure.
On the basis of orientation spatial trajectories can be separated into four groups.
Self-targeted (internal), Gyır-targeted, targeted at other settlements of the microre-
gion (intraregional) and targeted at other (external) places. The microregion’s rela-
tional matrix (Table 7) indicates that a good level of basic provisions keeps a sig-
nificant number of spatial trajectories inside a place. The location at a greater dis-
tance from Gyır increases the settlement’s self-targeted (internal) spatial trajecto-
ries. In Enese for example the ratio of internal spatial trajectories exceeds 50%
while in Rábapatona and Öttevény it is a bit less than 50%. These places have well
operating basic functions with high values of cohesion. In Börcs, a settlement with
poor physical accessibility from Gyır due to its non-transit position in the public
road network accessible through Abda only, the ratio of self-targeted spatial tra-
jectories is 33% only. Börcs is differing from the other six settlements in its envi-
ronment in its strongest linkage to Abda, a settlement with microregional functions.
Börcs has low cohesion value and Abda is performing central functions for Abda
compensating in this way its relatively poor local commercial and service provi-
sions. Börcs is the departure point for the highest ratio of spatial trajectories tar-
geted at the settlements of Rábcatorok microregion. This is a clear evidence for the
dependence of Börcs on other settlements and traces down the settlements past in-
stitutional relations (workplaces, agricultural cooperative, common councils, out-
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
migrations) with them. Ikrény is a specific case in the microregion’s settlement
network. This settlement’s has the strongest linkages to Gyır (61% of all the spa-
tial trajectories). This phenomenon originates on the one hand from the proximity
of Gyır and from the starting suburbanisation process here (Thomson–Mitchell,
1998). This brings several conflicts into the life of local society. Enese is the mi-
croregion’s most peripheral settlement. 4% of its spatial trajectories are originating
from Kóny, the neighbour settlement and Csorna, the nearest city.
To sum it up the results of research have proved that the microregion’s spatial
relations are strongly bound to Gyır which verifies our ‘hypotheses’. The relation
system of the geographical space of the seven settlements is rather homogenous
with the settlements’ identical route selections. The spatial trajectories targeted at
other places than Gyır are rather dispersed and their number is very few. This can
be verified by the low 2.3% ratio of outbound spatial trajectories from the microre-
gion. The intensity and orientation of residential spatial trajectories are shown by
Figure 3.
Table 7
The relational matrix of the spatial trajectories of the settlements
in Rábcatorok microregion
Settlement
Abda
Börcs
Enese
Ikrény
Öttevény
Rába-
Total
patona
Local inside spatial
39.9
33
51.7
35.1
44.9
47.9
41.6
trajectory
Spatial trajectories to
53.5
52.3
42
60.6
49.2
48.2
50.6
Gyır
Abda
–
6.9
0.2
0.5
2.2
0.6
1.3
Börcs
1.3
–
0.2
0.5
2.2
0.6
1.3
Enese
0.4
0.2
–
0.8
0.2
0.8
0.4
Ikrény
0.7
1
0.8
–
0.3
1.2
0.6
Kunsziget
1.4
1.5
0.1
0.1
1.5
0.1
1.3
Öttevény
2.2
3.7
0.2
0.1
–
0.1
1.3
Rábapatona
0.4
0.8
0.8
1.7
0.2
–
0.3
Intraregional spatial
6.4
14.1
2.3
3.7
5.5
3.1
5.5
trajectory
Other spatial
0.2
0.6
4
0.6
0.4
0.8
2.3
trajectory
Total spatial
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
trajectories
Source: Residential questionnaire.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Figure 3
The intensity and breakdown of residential spatial trajectories
in Rábcatorok microregion
Source: Residential questionnaire.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
3 Conclusion
Spatial trajectory analysis proved to be a good research method for the assessment
of functional relations between villages. settlement groups in rural microregions
through the investigation of residential shift directions. The results of these
researches provided useful data for the newly founded microregions on the spatial
structure of their microregion and assisted to microregional planning and
development processes by their comprehensive information on new spatial
structures. This method is quite suitable for assessing spatial shift changes resulting
from the socio-economic transformation of Hungary and also contributed to the
definition of the geographical and administrative borders of microregions through
measuring inter-settlement gravitational forces.
Today when the definition and distribution of the authority scope of multifunc-
tional microregions is an everyday routine, the presented method mapping residen-
tial relationships seems to be suitable for avoiding major conflicts. Spatial trajec-
tory analysis is a well worth for use instrument for local and microregional devel-
opment because – as it has been demonstrated – can successfully locate and iden-
tify the microregional core settlements (centralisation) and can provide a well
founded scientific basis or arguments for their further development.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
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ANNEX
Annex 1
The spatial trajectories and closure values of the settlements of Répcesík
microregion
Settlement
Local inside
Intra-
Trajectories Trajectories Trajectories Trajectories Trajectories Spatial tra-
Number
trajectories
regional
to Sopron to Szombat-
to Kıszeg
to Foreign
to Other
jectories
of total
spatial tra-
hely
place
leaving
departing
jectories
microregions trajectories
Bı
8
15
0
18
2
3
24
47
70
Bük
10
19
7
17
13
6
6
49
78
Csapod
7
2
11
0
0
3
35
49
58
Csáfordjánosfa
1
26
10
2
0
2
21
35
62
Csepreg
13
10
0
13
11
6
1
31
54
Csér
0
16
7
2
0
1
11
21
37
Ebergıc
5
7
24
0
0
3
23
50
62
Egyházasfalu
9
28
22
8
1
6
2
39
76
Gór
1
23
0
11
1
1
17
30
54
Gyalóka
1
33
7
8
1
3
1
20
54
Horvátzsidány
8
9
0
22
28
3
0
53
70
Iván
7
7
14
3
0
3
28
48
62
Kiszsidány
0
29
0
15
24
2
1
42
71
Lócs
0
32
1
12
2
2
21
38
70
Lövı
10
13
28
13
0
2
6
49
72
Nagylózs
8
7
24
2
0
2
21
49
64
Nemeskér
5
27
29
14
0
0
8
51
83
Ólmod
1
24
0
6
24
4
0
34
59
Peresznye
4
20
1
17
21
4
0
43
67
Pusztacsalád
0
20
16
2
0
2
20
40
60
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Annex 1 continued
Settlement
Local inside
Intra-
Trajectories Trajectories Trajectories Trajectories Trajectories Spatial tra-
Number
trajectories
regional
to Sopron to Szombat-
to Kıszeg
to Foreign
to Other
jectories
of total
spatial tra-
hely
place
leaving
departing
jectories
microregions trajectories
Répceszemere
5
11
11
1
0
3
41
56
72
Répcevis
2
18
11
13
12
4
1
41
61
Röjtökmuzsaj
6
5
24
0
0
3
35
62
73
Simaság
3
15
4
8
3
1
31
47
65
Sopronhorpács
8
16
18
9
5
3
4
39
63
Sopronkövesd
8
8
30
0
1
5
20
56
72
Szakony
3
29
9
12
1
5
1
28
60
Tömörd
1
28
1
21
6
4
5
37
66
Und
3
30
22
8
3
7
5
45
78
Újkér
7
13
24
11
2
6
6
49
69
Völcsej
6
25
26
12
0
2
5
45
76
Zsira
5
17
13
14
14
4
2
47
69
Total
155
582
394
294
175
105
402
1370
2107
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Annex 1 continued
Settlement
Inbound Total number Gravity of
Gravity of
Gravity of
Gravity of
Other
closure of Microregiona
trajectories of trajecto-
Sopron
Szombathely
Kıszeg
foreign
gravity
settlement
l closure
ries
countries
Bı
17
87
0.00
25.71
2.86
4.29
34.29
11.43
32.86
Bük
46
124
8.97
21.79
16.67
7.69
7.69
12.82
37.18
Csapod
6
64
18.97
0.00
0.00
5.17
60.34
12.07
15.52
Csáfordjánosfa
4
66
16.13
3.23
0.00
3.23
33.87
1.61
43.55
Csepreg
166
220
0.00
24.07
20.37
11.11
1.85
24.07
42.59
Csér
1
38
18.92
5.41
0.00
2.70
29.73
0.00
43.24
Ebergıc
2
64
38.71
0.00
0.00
4.84
37.10
8.06
19.35
Egyházasfalu
2
78
28.95
10.53
1.32
7.89
2.63
11.84
48.68
Gór
2
56
0.00
20.37
1.85
1.85
31.48
1.85
44.44
Gyalóka
1
55
12.96
14.81
1.85
5.56
1.85
1.85
62.96
Horvátzsidány
43
113
0.00
31.43
40.00
4.29
0.00
11.43
24.29
Iván
55
117
22.58
4.84
0.00
4.84
45.16
11.29
22.58
Kiszsidány
2
73
0.00
21.13
33.80
2.82
1.41
0.00
40.85
Lócs
1
71
1.43
17.14
2.86
2.86
30.00
0.00
45.71
Lövı
79
151
38.89
18.06
0.00
2.78
8.33
13.89
31.94
Nagylózs
3
67
37.50
3.13
0.00
3.13
32.81
12.50
23.44
Nemeskér
6
89
34.94
16.87
0.00
0.00
9.64
6.02
38.55
Ólmod
2
61
0.00
10.17
40.68
6.78
0.00
1.69
42.37
Peresznye
4
71
1.49
25.37
31.34
5.97
0.00
5.97
35.82
Pusztacsalád
4
64
26.67
3.33
0.00
3.33
33.33
0.00
33.33
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Annex 1 continued
Settlement
Inbound Total number Gravity of
Gravity of
Gravity of
Gravity of
Other
closure of Microregiona
trajectories of trajecto-
Sopron
Szombathely
Kıszeg
foreign
gravity
settlement
l closure
ries
countries
Répceszemere
7
79
15.28
1.39
0.00
4.17
56.94
6.94
22.22
Répcevis
4
65
18.03
21.31
19.67
6.56
1.64
3.28
32.79
Röjtökmuzsaj
6
79
32.88
0.00
0.00
4.11
47.95
8.22
15.07
Simaság
18
83
6.15
12.31
4.62
1.54
47.69
4.62
27.69
Sopronhorpács
42
105
28.57
14.29
7.94
4.76
6.35
12.70
38.10
Sopronkövesd
5
77
41.67
0.00
1.39
6.94
27.78
11.11
22.22
Szakony
16
76
15.00
20.00
1.67
8.33
1.67
5.00
53.33
Tömörd
2
68
1.52
31.82
9.09
6.06
7.58
1.52
43.94
Und
5
83
28.21
10.26
3.85
8.97
6.41
3.85
42.31
Újkér
6
75
34.78
15.94
2.90
8.70
8.70
10.14
28.99
Völcsej
6
82
34.21
15.79
0.00
2.63
6.58
7.89
40.79
Zsira
15
84
18.84
20.29
20.29
5.80
2.90
7.25
31.88
Total
578
2685
18.70
13.95
8.31
4.98
19.08
34.98
34.98
Source: Settlement-level questionnaire.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Annex 2
Orientation of the spatial trajectories and closure values of the settlements of
Lake Balaton Resort District
Settlement
Local inside
Intraregional
Spatial trajectories
Total
Inbound
Total
spatial trajectories spatial trajectories
leaving the
departing
research area
Ábrahámhegy
2
69
16
87
6
93
Badacsonytomaj
10
57
24
91
84
175
Balatonalmádi
6
11
29
46
50
96
Balatonberény
2
73
18
93
1
94
Balatonboglár
28
33
25
86
139
225
Balatoncsicsó
1
36
16
53
2
55
Balatonföldvár
9
37
13
59
39
98
Balatonfőzfı
8
12
33
53
21
74
Balatongyörök
1
73
14
88
3
91
Balatonhenye
1
52
9
62
1
63
Balatonmáriafürdı
5
53
10
68
9
77
Balatonrendes
0
69
14
83
0
83
Balatonszárszó
6
47
13
66
32
98
Balatonszemes
5
59
25
89
84
173
Balatonszentgyörgy
5
53
6
64
8
72
Balatonszılıs
2
45
19
66
1
67
Bálványos
4
56
13
73
0
73
Buzsák
5
52
17
74
8
82
Dörgicse
3
52
38
93
2
95
Fonyód
24
25
29
78
54
132
Gyenesdiás
8
33
4
45
37
82
Hegyesd
0
45
23
68
0
68
Hegymagas
2
44
4
50
1
51
Héviz
16
27
11
54
99
153
Hidegkut
0
34
40
74
0
74
Kapolcs
4
45
20
69
7
76
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Annex 2 continued
Settlement
Local inside
Intraregional
Spatial trajectories
Total
Inbound
Total
spatial trajectories spatial trajectories
leaving the
departing
research area
Karád
4
39
43
86
8
94
Keszthely
32
8
20
60
483
543
Kéthely
6
52
7
65
0
65
Látrány
8
54
15
77
33
110
Lesencefalu
0
58
9
67
0
67
Lesencetomaj
1
48
15
64
10
74
Litér
13
20
42
75
1
76
Marcali
18
9
23
50
204
254
Mindszentkálla
1
46
4
51
2
53
Monostorapáti
5
39
24
68
15
83
Nagycsepely
0
52
3
55
2
57
Nagyrada
6
25
43
74
0
74
Nagyvázsony
6
3
27
36
24
60
Nemesgulács
6
33
4
43
2
45
Nemesvámos
4
1
43
48
9
57
Ordacsehi
0
77
11
88
1
89
Örvényes
0
53
23
76
0
76
Paloznak
1
40
35
76
0
76
Pécsely
7
39
31
77
70
147
Rezi
1
61
25
87
0
87
Révfülöp
9
34
18
61
54
115
Salföld
2
72
9
83
0
83
Ságvár
1
32
12
45
0
45
Sármellék
5
42
23
70
16
86
Siófok
21
2
18
41
334
375
Siójut
0
53
11
64
0
64
Somogybabod
0
55
22
77
1
78
Somogysámson
2
60
20
82
0
82
Somogytúr
4
59
10
73
2
75
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Annex 2 continued
Settlement
Local inside
Intraregional
Spatial trajectories
Total
Inbound
Total
spatial trajectories spatial trajectories
leaving the
departing
research area
Szentantalfa
3
25
21
49
11
60
Szentbékkálla
1
61
13
75
1
76
Szentgyörgyvár
0
48
28
76
1
77
Szentkirályszabadja
0
30
37
67
0
67
Szigliget
7
52
13
72
4
76
Szólád
4
64
12
80
1
81
Szılısgyörök
0
75
11
86
0
86
Tagyon
0
29
22
51
0
51
Tapolca
33
9
17
59
634
693
Táska
2
65
17
84
0
84
Tihany
8
30
19
57
4
61
Tótvázsony
2
26
39
67
13
80
Vállus
1
73
6
80
0
80
Várvölgy
5
54
16
75
7
82
Vászoly
2
40
19
61
1
62
Veszprémfajsz
0
13
43
56
0
56
Vigántpetend
0
48
27
75
1
76
Visz
5
63
13
81
0
81
Vonyarcvashegy
5
51
17
73
11
84
Zalakaros
12
6
52
70
40
110
Zalavár
2
29
6
37
2
39
Zamárdi
5
52
36
93
1
94
Total
417
3301
1557
5275
2691
7966
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Annex 2 continued
Settlement
Gravity of
Gravity of
Gravity of
Gravity of
Gravity of
Other
Closure of Microregional
Veszprém
Kaposvár
Nagykanizsa
Budapest
foreign
gravity
settlement
closure
countries
Ábrahámhegy
8.05
0.00
0.00
2.30
4.60
3.45
2.30
81.61
Badacsonytomaj
9.89
1.10
0.00
0.00
3.30
12.09
10.99
73.63
Balatonalmádi
47.83
0.00
0.00
2.17
6.52
6.52
13.04
36.96
Balatonberény
0.00
2.15
2.15
2.15
4.30
8,60
2.15
80.65
Balatonboglár
0.00
18.60
0.00
6.98
2.33
1.16
32.56
70.93
Balatoncsicsó
26.42
0.00
0.00
1.89
1.89
0.00
1.89
69.81
Balatonföldvár
0.00
3.39
0.00
5.08
5.08
8.47
15.25
77.97
Balatonfőzfı
43.40
0.00
0.00
5.66
5.66
7.55
15.09
37.74
Balatongyörök
1.14
0.00
1.14
2.27
3.41
7.95
1.14
84.09
Balatonhenye
3.23
0.00
0.00
3.23
6.45
1.61
1.61
85.48
Balatonmáriafürdı
0.00
5.88
2.94
1.47
1.47
2.94
7.35
85.29
Balatonrendes
8.43
0.00
0.00
2.41
3.61
2.41
0.00
83.13
Balatonszárszó
0.00
10.61
0.00
3.03
3.03
3.03
9.09
80.30
Balatonszemes
0.00
15.73
0.00
3.37
3.37
5.62
5.62
71.91
Balatonszentgyörgy
0.00
4.69
0.00
0.00
3.13
1.56
7.81
90.63
Balatonszılıs
22.73
0.00
0.00
3.03
3.03
0.00
3.03
71.21
Bálványos
0.00
4.11
0.00
2.74
1.37
9.59
5.48
82.19
Buzsák
0.00
12.16
1.35
1.35
6.76
1.35
6.76
77.03
Dörgicse
24.73
0.00
0.00
7.53
3.23
5.38
3.23
59.14
Fonyód
0.00
19.23
6.41
3.85
2.56
5.13
30.77
62.82
Gyenesdiás
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.67
2.22
17.78
91.11
Hegyesd
27.94
0.00
0.00
1.47
0.00
4.41
0.00
66.18
Hegymagas
2.00
0.00
0.00
2.00
2.00
2.00
4.00
92.00
Héviz
3.70
0.00
0.00
1.85
5.56
9.26
29.63
79.63
Hidegkut
51.35
0.00
0.00
1.35
1.35
0.00
0.00
45.95
Kapolcs
17.39
0.00
0.00
1.45
0.00
10.14
5.80
71.01
Karád
0.00
16.28
0.00
0.00
0.00
33.72
4.65
50.00
Keszthely
1.67
0.00
6.67
1.67
3.33
20.00
53.33
66.67
Kéthely
0.00
4.62
0.00
0.00
4.62
1.54
9.23
89.23
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Annex 2 continued
Settlement
Gravity of
Gravity of
Gravity of
Gravity of
Gravity of
Other
Closure of
Microregional
Veszprém
Kaposvár
Nagykanizsa
Budapest
foreign coun-
gravity
settlement
closure
tries
Látrány
0.00
7.79
0.00
1.30
7.79
2.60
10.39
80.52
Lesencefalu
1.49
0.00
0.00
1.49
2.99
7.46
0.00
86.57
Lesencetomaj
4.69
0.00
0.00
1.56
1.56
15.63
1.56
76.56
Litér
49.33
0.00
0.00
2.67
0.00
4.00
17.33
44.00
Marcali
0.00
22.00
6.00
2.00
0.00
16.00
36.00
54.00
Mindszentkálla
1.96
0.00
0.00
3.92
1.96
0.00
1.96
92.16
Monostorapáti
26.47
0.00
0.00
2.94
0.00
5.88
7.35
64.71
Nagycsepely
0.00
1.82
0.00
0.00
0.00
3.64
0.00
94.55
Nagyrada
0.00
0.00
41.89
0.00
4.05
12.16
8.11
41.89
Nagyvázsony
58.33
0.00
0.00
2.78
5.56
8.33
16.67
25.00
Nemesgulács
4.65
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
4.65
13.95
90.70
Nemesvámos
89.58
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
8.33
10.42
Ordacsehi
0.00
4.55
0.00
1.14
5.68
1.14
0.00
87.50
Örvényes
14.47
0.00
0.00
2.63
2.63
10.53
0.00
69.74
Paloznak
36.84
0.00
0.00
2.63
3.95
2.63
1.32
53.95
Pécsely
25.97
0.00
0.00
2.60
1.30
10.39
9.09
59.74
Rezi
0.00
0.00
2.30
1.15
2.30
22.99
1.15
71.26
Révfülöp
13.11
0.00
0.00
1.64
6.56
8.20
14.75
70.49
Salföld
3.61
0.00
0.00
2.41
2.41
2.41
2.41
89.16
Ságvár
0.00
11.11
0.00
0.00
0.00
15.56
2.22
73.33
Sármellék
0.00
0.00
10.00
0.00
0.00
22.86
7.14
67.14
Siófok
0.00
12.20
0.00
12.20
4.88
14.63
51.22
56.10
Siójut
0.00
1.56
0.00
0.00
1.56
14.06
0.00
82.81
Somogybabod
0.00
10.39
0.00
1.30
5.19
11.69
0.00
71.43
Somogysámson
0.00
7.32
9.76
0.00
3.66
3.66
2.44
75.61
Somogytúr
0.00
6.85
0.00
1.37
2.74
2.74
5.48
86.30
Szentantalfa
42.86
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
6.12
57.14
Szentbékkálla
6.67
0.00
0.00
4.00
4.00
2.67
1.33
82.67
Szentgyörgyvár
0.00
0.00
13.16
0.00
0.00
23.68
0.00
63.16
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Annex 2 continued
Settlement
Gravity of
Gravity of
Gravity of
Gravity of
Gravity of
Other
Closure of Microregional
Veszprém
Kaposvár
Nagykanizsa
Budapest
foreign coun-
gravity
settlement
closure
tries
Szentkirályszabadja
53.73
0.00
0.00
1.49
0.00
0.00
0.00
44.78
Szigliget
5.56
0.00
0.00
1.39
2.78
8.33
9.72
81.94
Szólád
0.00
5.00
0.00
2.50
1.25
6.25
5.00
85.00
Szılısgyörök
0.00
4.65
0.00
2.33
4.65
1.16
0.00
87.21
Tagyon
43.14
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
56.86
Tapolca
18.64
0.00
0.00
1.69
0.00
8.47
55.93
71.19
Táska
0.00
13.10
1.19
1.19
2.38
2.38
2.38
79.76
Tihany
19.30
0.00
0.00
1.75
7.02
5.26
14.04
66.67
Tótvázsony
55.22
0.00
0.00
1.49
1.49
0.00
2.99
41.79
Vállus
1.25
0.00
0.00
1.25
1.25
3.75
1.25
92.50
Várvölgy
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.67
4.00
14.67
6.67
78.67
Vászoly
19.67
0.00
0.00
3.28
3.28
4.92
3.28
68.85
Veszprémfajsz
76.79
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
23.21
Vigántpetend
28.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
8.00
0.00
64.00
Visz
0.00
7.41
0.00
0.00
4.94
3.70
6.17
83.95
Vonyarcvashegy
1.37
0.00
0.00
2.74
2.74
16.44
6.85
76.71
Zalakaros
0.00
0.00
51.43
2.86
7.14
12.86
17.14
25.71
Zalavár
0.00
0.00
2.70
0.00
5.41
8.11
5.41
83.78
Zamárdi
0.00
16.13
0.00
11.83
2.15
8.60
5.38
61.29
Total
11.70
3.51
2.16
2.14
2.86
7.15
70.48
Source: Settlement level questionnaire.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Annex 3
Cohesion and centralisation values of settlements in Lake Balaton Resort
District
Settlement
Local inside Intraregional
Spatial
Total
Inbound
Number of
Cohesion
Centralisation
spatial
spatial
trajectories
departing
total spatial
trajectories
trajectories
leaving the
trajectories
research area
Ábrahámhegy
2
69
16
87
6
93
2.15
7.79
Badacsonytomaj
10
57
24
91
84
175
5.71
55.63
Balatonalmádi
6
11
29
46
50
96
6.25
74.63
Balatonberény
2
73
18
93
1
94
2.13
1.32
Balatonboglár
28
33
25
86
139
225
12.44
69.50
Balatoncsicsó
1
36
16
53
2
55
1.82
5.13
Balatonföldvár
9
37
13
59
39
98
9.18
45.88
Balatonfőzfı
8
12
33
53
21
74
10.81
51.22
Balatongyörök
1
73
14
88
3
91
1.10
3.90
Balatonhenye
1
52
9
62
1
63
1.59
1.85
Balatonmáriafürdı
5
53
10
68
9
77
6.49
13.43
Balatonrendes
0
69
14
83
0
83
0.00
0.00
Balatonszárszó
6
47
13
66
32
98
6.12
37.65
Balatonszemes
5
59
25
89
84
173
2.89
56.76
Balatonszentgyörgy
5
53
6
64
8
72
6.94
12.12
Balatonszılıs
2
45
19
66
1
67
2.99
2.08
Bálványos
4
56
13
73
0
73
5.48
0.00
Buzsák
5
52
17
74
8
82
6.10
12.31
Dörgicse
3
52
38
93
2
95
3.16
3.51
Fonyód
24
25
29
78
54
132
18.18
52.43
Gyenesdiás
8
33
4
45
37
82
9.76
47.44
Hegyesd
0
45
23
68
0
68
0.00
0.00
Hegymagas
2
44
4
50
1
51
3.92
2.13
Héviz
16
27
11
54
99
153
10.46
69.72
Hidegkut
0
34
40
74
0
74
0.00
0.00
Kapolcs
4
45
20
69
7
76
5.26
12.50
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Annex 3 continued
Settlement
Local inside Intraregional
Spatial
Total
Inbound
Number of
Cohesion
Centralisation
spatial
spatial
trajectories
departing
total spatial
trajectories
trajectories
leaving the
trajectories
research area
Karád
4
39
43
86
8
94
4.26
15.69
Keszthely
32
8
20
60
483
543
5.89
92.35
Kéthely
6
52
7
65
0
65
9.23
0.00
Látrány
8
54
15
77
33
110
7.27
34.74
Lesencefalu
0
58
9
67
0
67
0.00
0.00
Lesencetomaj
1
48
15
64
10
74
1.35
16.95
Litér
13
20
42
75
1
76
17.11
2.94
Marcali
18
9
23
50
204
254
7.09
88.31
Mindszentkálla
1
46
4
51
2
53
1.89
4.08
Monostorapáti
5
39
24
68
15
83
6.02
25.42
Nagycsepely
0
52
3
55
2
57
0.00
3.70
Nagyrada
6
25
43
74
0
74
8.11
0.00
Nagyvázsony
6
3
27
36
24
60
10.00
72.73
Nemesgulács
6
33
4
43
2
45
13.33
4.88
Nemesvámos
4
1
43
48
9
57
7.02
64.29
Ordacsehi
0
77
11
88
1
89
0.00
1.28
Örvényes
0
53
23
76
0
76
0.00
0.00
Paloznak
1
40
35
76
0
76
1.32
0.00
Pécsely
7
39
31
77
70
147
4.76
60.34
Rezi
1
61
25
87
0
87
1.15
0.00
Révfülöp
9
34
18
61
54
115
7.83
55.67
Salföld
2
72
9
83
0
83
2.41
0.00
Ságvár
1
32
12
45
0
45
2.22
0.00
Sármellék
5
42
23
70
16
86
5.81
25.40
Siófok
21
2
18
41
334
375
5.60
93.56
Siójut
0
53
11
64
0
64
0.00
0.00
Somogybabod
0
55
22
77
1
78
0.00
1.79
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Annex 3 continued
Settlement
Local inside Intraregional
Spatial
Total
Inbound
Number of
Cohesion
Centralisation
spatial
spatial
trajectories
departing
total spatial
trajectories
trajectories
leaving the
trajectories
research area
Somogysámson
2
60
20
82
0
82
2.44
0.00
Somogytúr
4
59
10
73
2
75
5.33
3.08
Szentantalfa
3
25
21
49
11
60
5.00
28.21
Szentbékkálla
1
61
13
75
1
76
1.32
1.59
Szentgyörgyvár
0
48
28
76
1
77
0.00
2.04
Szentkirályszabadja
0
30
37
67
0
67
0.00
0.00
Szigliget
7
52
13
72
4
76
9.21
6.35
Szólád
4
64
12
80
1
81
4.94
1.45
Szılısgyörök
0
75
11
86
0
86
0.00
0.00
Tagyon
0
29
22
51
0
51
0.00
0.00
Tapolca
33
9
17
59
634
693
4.76
93.79
Táska
2
65
17
84
0
84
2.38
0.00
Tihany
8
30
19
57
4
61
13.11
9.52
Tótvázsony
2
26
39
67
13
80
2.50
31.71
Vállus
1
73
6
80
0
80
1.25
0.00
Várvölgy
5
54
16
75
7
82
6.10
10.61
Vászoly
2
40
19
61
1
62
3.23
2.33
Veszprémfajsz
0
13
43
56
0
56
0.00
0.00
Vigántpetend
0
48
27
75
1
76
0.00
2.04
Visz
5
63
13
81
0
81
6.17
0.00
Vonyarcvashegy
5
51
17
73
11
84
5.95
16.42
Zalakaros
12
6
52
70
40
110
10.91
68.97
Zalavár
2
29
6
37
2
39
5.13
6.06
Zamárdi
5
52
36
93
1
94
5.32
1.72
Total
417
3301
1557
5275
2691
7966
46.67
Source: Settlement level questionnaire.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Annex 4
The orientations and closure values of the spatial trajectories of Szigetköz
settlements
Settlement
Local inside
Intraregional
Gyır
Mosonmag-
Other
Spatial trajecto- Total departing
spatial
spatial
yaróvár
ries leaving
trajectories
trajectories
microregion
Abda
19
2
39
1
4
44
65
Bezenye
15
4
11
31
2
44
63
Darnózseli
15
24
20
35
2
57
96
Dunakiliti
16
17
25
41
17
83
116
Dunaszeg
19
4
38
0
2
40
63
Dunaszentpál
13
10
36
0
2
38
61
Feketeerdı
9
18
3
40
3
46
73
Gyırladamér
10
10
36
1
1
38
58
Gyırújfalu
12
5
37
0
0
37
54
Gyırzámoly
16
5
36
0
3
39
60
Halászi
9
9
7
33
3
43
61
Hédervár
15
13
30
29
0
59
87
Hegyeshalom
30
7
6
16
6
28
65
Kimle
20
8
25
30
4
59
87
Kisbajcs
11
12
29
0
1
30
53
Kisbodak
10
29
13
26
5
44
83
Kunsziget
25
6
26
0
8
34
65
Levél
17
8
6
31
6
43
68
Lipót
7
22
13
28
7
48
77
Máriakálnok
16
5
11
38
6
55
76
Mecsér
17
6
28
18
11
57
80
Nagybajcs
16
7
33
0
1
34
57
Püski
14
12
12
34
3
49
75
Rajka
13
11
4
29
6
39
63
Vámosszabadi
10
11
29
1
1
31
52
Vének
9
16
36
0
5
41
66
Total
383
281
589
462
109
1160
1824
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Annex 4 continued
Settlement
Inbound
Total
Gravity
Gravity
Other
Closure of
Microregional
of Gyır
of Moson-
gravity
settlement
closure
magyaróvár
Abda
3
68
60.00
1.54
6.15
29.23
32.31
Bezenye
5
68
17.46
49.21
3.17
23.81
30.16
Darnózseli
3
99
20.83
36.46
2.08
15.63
40.63
Dunakiliti
17
133
21.55
35.34
14.66
13.79
28.45
Dunaszeg
17
80
60.32
0.00
3.17
30.16
36.51
Dunaszentpál
2
63
59.02
0.00
3.28
21.31
37.70
Feketeerdı
1
74
4.11
54.79
4.11
12.33
36.99
Gyırladamér
1
59
62.07
1.72
1.72
17.24
34.48
Gyırújfalu
1
55
68.52
0.00
0.00
22.22
31.48
Gyırzámoly
4
64
60.00
0.00
5.00
26.67
35.00
Halászi
21
82
11.48
54.10
4.92
14.75
29.51
Hédervár
16
103
34.48
33.33
0.00
17.24
32.18
Hegyeshalom
14
79
9.23
24.62
9.23
46.15
56.92
Kimle
8
95
28.74
34.48
4.60
22.99
32.18
Kisbajcs
17
70
54.72
0.00
1.89
20.75
43.40
Kisbodak
0
83
15.66
31.33
6.02
12.05
46.99
Kunsziget
1
66
40.00
0.00
12.31
38.46
47.69
Levél
3
71
8.82
45.59
8.82
25.00
36.76
Lipót
8
85
16.88
36.36
9.09
9.09
37.66
Máriakálnok
1
77
14.47
50.00
7.89
21.05
27.63
Mecsér
0
80
35.00
22.50
13.75
21.25
28.75
Nagybajcs
13
70
57.89
0.00
1.75
28.07
40.35
Püski
16
91
16.00
45.33
4.00
18.67
34.67
Rajka
4
67
6.35
46.03
9.52
20.63
38.10
Vámosszabadi
1
53
55.77
1.92
1.92
19.23
40.38
Vének
1
67
54.55
0.00
7.58
13.64
37.88
Total
178
2002
32.29
25.33
5.98
36.40
Source: Settlement-level questionnaire.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
HAS Centre for Regional Studies
Codenumber: __ __
West Hungarian Research Institute
9022 Gyır, Liszt Ferenc u. 10.
Telephone: 06 96 516-570, Fax: 06 96 516-579
QUESTIONNAIRE
on spatial relation analysis
within the framework of research „ACTUALIZATION OF
CONCEPTION OF REGIONAL DEVELOPMENT ON SZIGETKÖZ
AREA AND MOSONI DANUBE”
Name of settlement:
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Name of respondent:
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Status of respondent:
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Name of the interrogator: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Date of filling
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Gyır, 2003
1. Administrative offical relations
1. Seat of the informant settlement of actuary and rural district:
…………………….
2. Seat of authorities of settlements:
Name of settlement:
1
Tax affairs
…………………….
.
2
Court and prosecutor
…………………….
.
3
Medical authority
…………………….
.
4
Building affairs
…………………….
.
5
Environment affairs
…………………….
.
6
Housing affairs
…………………….
.
7
Authority of labour
…………………….
.
8
Authority of education
…………………….
.
9
Authority of finances
…………………….
.
1
Police-office
…………………….
0.
1
Regional deputy of police
…………………….
1.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
1
Social affairs
…………………….
2.
1
Water conservancy
…………………….
3.
2. Commercial relations
1. What is your opinion about the level of support of the consumption in the settlement?
1. Very good
2. Good
3. Average
4. Bad
5. Very bad
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
2. Please name those settlements, where the inhabitants satisfy their needs because
of incompletion of settlement!
Settlement
Settlement
Settlement
1
Grocery
.
2
Butchery
.
3
Shop of clothes
.
4
Shoe shop
.
5
Shop of manufactured goods
.
6
Household
and
cosmetic
. commodities
7
Electricity and electronic products
.
8
Agricultural small appliances, tools
.
9
Feed, fumigant
.
1
Cheap bazaar trade
0.
1
Food discount
1.
1
Car trade
2.
1
Gas depot
3.
1
Other: …………………..
4.
H = if there is in a place; in other case please fill in the name of settlement!
If there are many profiles in a unit, please mark the number of profiles after the name of
unit!
3. Service relations
1. What
kind
of
bank
is
available
in
the
settlement?
Name the banks of the settlement!
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
2. In which settlement(s) do the inhabitants have access to bank services (e.g.: credit
transactions etc.) listed below?
Please sign the local services with an X, in other case fill in the name of settlement!
Bank services
In a place
Settlement
Settlement
Settlement
1. ATM
2. Credits, loans
3. Money transfer
4. Account management
5. Other
3. How far is the nearest gas station? Please name its owner!
Name of settlement
Owner
1. in 5 km
2. 6–10 km
3. 11–20 km
3. 21–30 km
4. over 30 km
4. Which is the nearest and (or) the most often used car service?
1. The nearest:
…………………………………………………
……
2. The most often used:
………………………………………………………
4. Agriculture
1. In which settlement’s market do you purchase and sell the products, services, listed
below:
Please name the settlement, in the further column sign the answer with X!
Settlement
Animal
Plant
Weekly
Monthly
market
market
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
5. Educational and cultural relations, local society
1. Does a kindergarten operate in the settlement?
1. Yes, it does.
2. No, it doesn’t.
1.1 In case the answer is „yes”: Does it happen that the parents take
their children into another settlement’s kindergarten? In this case
please name the settlements exactly!
1. Yes, it does.
Name
of
settlement:…………………………………………………
2 No, it doesn’t.
1.2 In case the answer is „no”, hich settlements could come into
question?
Name
of
settlement:………………………………………………….……..
2. Does a school operate in the settlement?
1. Yes, it does.
2. No, it doesn’t.
2.1 In case the answer is „yes”: Does it happen that the parents take their
children into another settlement’s school? In this case please name the
settlements exactly!
1 Yes, it does.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
Name
of
settlement………………………………………………….
2. No, it doesn’t.
3. In case the school is not operating in the settlement, in which year did it close ?
_ _ _ _ year
4. Are there any plans for its relocation?
1. Yes, there are.
2. No, there aren’t.
5. Are there any plans for the relocation of the religious schools in the settlement?
1 Yes, there are.
2. No, there aren’t.
3. Our settlement isn’t concerned in this question.
6. Is there any language course run in the settlement?
1. Yes, there is.
2. No, it doesn’t.
7. Does elementary school with first four classes exist in the settlement?
1 Yes, it does.
2. No, it doesn’t.
7.1 In case the answer is “no”, in which settlement do children go to school?
Name of settlement: ......................................
8. Does elementary school with upper classes operate in the settlement?
1 Yes, it does.
2. No, it doesn’t.
8.1 In case the answer is “no”, in which settlement do children go to school?
Name
of
settlement:………………………………………………….……..
9 Characteristics of secondary schools, visited by 14–18 years old students
on the informant settlement (Please sign only the most important relation!
Name of
Extern
Residences
settlement
students
(head)
(head)
a) High school
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
b) Vocational high school
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
c) Vocational school
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
10. The locations of cultural and sport events, visited by inhabitants of settlement
mostly:
Settlement
Settlement
1. Theatre
2. Cinema
3. Variety entertainment
4. Sport events
5. Disco, music events
6. Other cultural events
7. ……………………….
8. ……………………….
6. Tourism
1. Is
a
recreation
area,
weekend
house
located
in
the
settlement?
If the answer is “no”, please fill in 0!
…… pieces
2. In
the
settlement
operates:
If the answer is “no”, please fill in 0!
1. Private pension
…… pieces
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
2. Hotel
…… pieces
3. Camping
…… pieces
3. In case the answer is “yes”:
Units
Year of
Number of
Classificatio
Number of
establishment
employee
n
rooms
(head)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
7. Public transport connection
1. Which nearby settlements (town) are connected with your settlement through bus or
train services, and how often?
Please fill the exact number of daily frequency of bus or train services in the
adequate places!
Among the neighbouring and cross border settlements, which has public transport
connections with your settlement? Please name and fill in the frequency!
Daily frequency
Train
Autobus
1.
Nearest settlement: -------
2.
Gyır
3.
Sopron
4.
Mosonmagyaróvár
5.
Csorna
6.
Kapuvár
7.
Neighbouring settlement I.
8.
Neighbouring settlement II.
9.
Neighbouring
settlement
III.
-------------------------------
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
10.
Neighbouring
settlement
IV.
11.
Neighbouring
settlement
V.
12.
Cross border settlements I.
13.
Cross border settlements II.
14.
Cross border settlements
III.
15.
Cross border settlements
IV.
16.
Cross border settlements
V.
8. Employment, labour market
1. Number of people working outside the settlement:
…… head
2. Of them:
Where (settlement)
Head
1.
...................................................
……
2.
...................................................
……
3.
...................................................
……
4.
...................................................
……
5.
...................................................
……
6.
...................................................
……
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
7.
...................................................
……
8.
...................................................
……
3. Number of people coming to work into the settlement:
…… head
Of them:
From where (settlement)
Head
1.
...................................................
……
2.
...................................................
……
3.
...................................................
……
4.
...................................................
……
5.
...................................................
……
6.
...................................................
……
7.
...................................................
……
8.
...................................................
……
9. Intersettlement relations
1. In the opinion of inhabitants, which is the “nearest” settlement providing town or town
level service?
1. …………………………
2. …………………………
3. …………………………
2. Which are those settlements providing town or town level service, visited by inhabitants
of informant settlement mostly.
The ranking, made by estimation on the ground of frequency on visitation:
1. …………………………
2. …………………………
3. …………………………
3. In your opinion, in which settlement are the inhabitants the most intensive connected
among the neighbouring settlements?
(Goods purchasing, personal contacts, cousinship etc. Please rank!)
1. …………………………
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
2. …………………………
3. …………………………
4. Which settlement has no direct road connections with your settlement among the
neighbouring settlements?
1. …………………………
2. …………………………
3. …………………………
4.1 What do you think – if it happens –, to which settlement should have
been
built a road necessarily?
1. …………………………
2. …………………………
3. …………………………
5. Which Austrian settlements’ inhabitants are visiting mostly your settlement?
1. …………………………
2. …………………………
3. …………………………
6. And what are the purposes of their visits?
1. shopping
2. business relations
3. making contacts
4. visiting the relatives
5. other: ………………………………………………
7. Which Slovakian settlements’ inhabitants are visiting mostly your settlement?
1. …………………………
2. …………………………
3. …………………………
8 And what are the purpose of visiting?
1. shopping
2. business relations
3. making contacts
4. visiting the relatives
5. other: ………………………………………………
9. In which Austrian settlement are the inhabitants the most intensively connected?
Please give the frequency by settlements! (1. daily, 2. weekly, 3. monthly, 4. few times
a year.)
1. ………………………… freq: …
2. ………………………… freq: …
3. ………………………… freq: …
10. And what are the purposes of their visits?
1. shopping
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
2. working
3. visiting the relatives
4. selling
5. other: ………………………………………………
11. In which Slovakian settlement are the inhabitants the most intensive connected?
Please give the frequency by settlements! (1. daily, 2. weekly, 3. monthly, 4. few times a
year.)
1. ………………………… freq: …
2. ………………………… freq: …
3. ………………………… freq: …
12. What is the main purpose of visiting the settlements abroad?
1. shopping
2. working
3. visiting the relatives
4. selling
5. other: ………………………………………………
13. Which border crossing points are the most often used by the inhabitants?
Please write up, since when it could be got across!
1. …………………………
2. …………………………
3. …………………………
14. Which border crossing border would you use?
1. …………………………
2. …………………………
3. …………………………
14. Has your settlement got official relations with Austrian settlements?
1. Yes, it has got.
2. No, it hasn’t got.
15. Which settlement or settlements does your settlement keep contacts with?
In the case of named settlement, please describe the areas, covered by this
cooperation!
Area of cooperation
Name of settlement
Municipal
Certain
Certain
Other:
tasks
business unit
service unit
……………
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
16. In which form and how often do they keep contacts?
Way of keeping contacts
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Few
times
a year
1.
Traditional postal
(letter)
2.
Electronic
(e-
mail)
3.
Phone
4.
Personal meeting
5.
Other:
……………….
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
17. Has your settlement got official relations with Slovakian settlements?
1. Yes, it has got.
2. No, it hasn’t got.
18. Which settlement or settlements does your settlement keep contacts with?
In the case of named settlement, please write up the areas, covered by this cooperation!
Area of cooperation
Name of settlement
Municipal
Certain
Certain
Other:
tasks
business unit
service unit
……………
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
19. In which form and how often do they keep the contact?
Way of contact keeping
Daily
Weekly
Monthly
Few
times
a year
6.
Traditional postal
(letter)
7.
Electronic
(e-
mail)
8.
Telephone
9.
Personal meeting
10.
Other:
……………….
10. Physical planning of settlement
1. Has the municipal office got any settlement development plans of physical structure and
regulation meeting the requirements of the National Standards of Physical Planning and
Architecture?
1. Yes, it has.
2. No, it hasn’t.
Szörényiné Kukorelli, Irén : Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Pécs : Centre for Regional Studies, 2007. 88. p. Discussion Papers, No. 56.
1.1 In case the answer is “yes”, when did the body of deputies approve it?
_ _ _ _ year
1.2 In case the answer is “no”:
1. It is under preparation.
2. It is planned for preparation. When: _ _ _ _year
3. It isn’t planned.
2. If it isn’t planned, please explain the reason why:
...................................................................................................................................................
...................................................................................................................................................
Thank you for your answers!
Discussion Papers 2007. No. 56.
Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
The Discussion Papers series of the Centre for Regional Studies of the Hungarian
Academy of Sciences was launched in 1986 to publish summaries of research findings on
regional and urban development.
The series has 5 or 6 issues a year. It will be of interest to geographers, economists, so-
ciologists, experts of law and political sciences, historians and everybody else who is, in
one way or another, engaged in the research of spatial aspects of socio-economic develop-
ment and planning.
The series is published by the Centre for Regional Studies.
Individual copies are available on request at the Centre.
Postal address
Centre for Regional Studies of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
P.O. Box 199, 7601 PÉCS, HUNGARY
Phone: (36–72) 523 800
Fax: (36–72) 523 803
www.dti.rkk.hu
www.rkk.hu
Director general
Gyula HORVÁTH
Editor
Zoltán GÁL
galz@.rkk.hu
Discussion Papers 2007. No. 56.
Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
Papers published in the Discussion Papers series
Discussion Papers /Specials
BENKİNÉ LODNER, Dorottya (ed.) (1988): Environmental Control and Policy: Pro-
ceedings of the Hungarian–Polish Seminar in the Theoretical Problems of Envi-
ronmental Control and Policy
OROSZ, Éva (ed.) (1988): Spatial Organisation and Regional Development Papers of the
6th Polish–Hungarian geographical Seminar
DURÓ, Annamária (ed.) (1993): Spatial Research and the Social–Political Changes: Papers
of the 7th Polish–Hungarian Seminar
DURÓ, Annamária (ed.) (1999): Spatial Research in Support of the European Integration.
Proceedings of the 11th Polish–Hungarian Geographical Seminar (Mátraháza,
Hungary 17–22 September, 1998)
GÁL, Zoltán (ed.) (2001): Role of the Regions in the Enlarging European Union
HORVÁTH, Gyula (ed.) (2002): Regional Challenges of the Transition in Bulgaria and
Hungary
KOVÁCS, András Donát (ed.) (2004): New Aspects of Regional Transformation and the
Urban-Rural Relationship
BARANYI, Béla (ed.) (2005): Hungarian–Romanian and Hungarian–Ukrainian border
regions as areas of co-operation along the external borders of Europe
Discussion Papers
No. 1
OROSZ, Éva (1986): Critical Issues in the Development of Hungarian Public
Health with Special Regard to Spatial Differences
No. 2
ENYEDI, György – ZENTAI, Viola (1986): Environmental Policy in Hungary
No. 3
HAJDÚ, Zoltán (1987): Administrative Division and Administrative Geography
in Hungary
No. 4
SIKOS T., Tamás (1987): Investigations of Social Infrastructure in Rural Settle-
ments of Borsod County
No. 5
HORVÁTH, Gyula (1987): Development of the Regional Management of the
Economy in East-Central Europe
No. 6
PÁLNÉ KOVÁCS, Ilona (1988): Chance of Local Independence in Hungary
No. 7
FARAGÓ, László – HRUBI, László (1988): Development Possibilities of Back-
ward Areas in Hungary
No. 8
SZÖRÉNYINÉ KUKORELLI, Irén (1990): Role of the Accessibility in De-
velopment and Functioning of Settlements
No. 9
ENYEDI, György (1990): New Basis for Regional and Urban Policies in East-
Central Europe
No. 10
RECHNITZER, János (1990): Regional Spread of Computer Technology in
Hungary
Discussion Papers 2007. No. 56.
Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
No. 11
SIKOS T., Tamás (1992): Types of Social Infrastructure in Hungary (to be not
published)
No. 12
HORVÁTH, Gyula – HRUBI, László (1992): Restructuring and Regional Policy
in Hungary
No. 13
ERDİSI, Ferenc (1992): Transportation Effects on Spatial Structure of Hungary
No. 14
PÁLNÉ KOVÁCS, Ilona (1992): The Basic Political and Structural Problems in
the Workings of Local Governments in Hungary
No. 15
PFEIL, Edit (1992): Local Governments and System Change. The Case of a Re-
gional Centre
No. 16
HORVÁTH, Gyula (1992): Culture and Urban Development (The Case of Pécs)
No. 17
HAJDÚ, Zoltán (1993): Settlement Network Development Policy in Hungary in
the Period of State Socialism (1949–1985)
No. 18
KOVÁCS, Teréz (1993): Borderland Situation as It Is Seen by a Sociologist
No. 19
HRUBI, L. – KRAFTNÉ SOMOGYI, Gabriella (eds.) (1994): Small and me-
dium-sized firms and the role of private industry in Hungary
No. 20
BENKİNÉ Lodner, Dorottya (1995): The Legal-Administrative Questions of
Environmental Protection in the Republic of Hungary
No. 21
ENYEDI, György (1998): Transformation in Central European Postsocialist Cit-
ies
No. 22
HAJDÚ, Zoltán (1998): Changes in the Politico-Geographical Position of Hun-
gary in the 20th Century
No. 23
HORVÁTH, Gyula (1998): Regional and Cohesion Policy in Hungary
No. 24
BUDAY-SÁNTHA, Attila (1998): Sustainable Agricultural Development in the
Region of the Lake Balaton
No. 25
LADOS, Mihály (1998): Future Perspective for Local Government Finance in
Hungary
No. 26
NAGY, Erika (1999): Fall and Revival of City Centre Retailing: Planning an
Urban Function in Leicester, Britain
No. 27
BELUSZKY, Pál (1999): The Hungarian Urban Network at the End of the Sec-
ond Millennium
No. 28
RÁCZ, Lajos (1999): Climate History of Hungary Since the 16th Century: Past,
Present and Future
No. 29
RAVE, Simone (1999): Regional Development in Hungary and Its Preparation
for the Structural Funds
No. 30
BARTA, Györgyi (1999): Industrial Restructuring in the Budapest Agglomera-
tion
No. 31
BARANYI, Béla–BALCSÓK, István–DANCS, László–MEZİ, Barna (1999):
Borderland Situation and Peripherality in the North-Eastern Part of the Great
Hungarian Plain
No. 32
RECHNITZER, János (2000): The Features of the Transition of Hungary’s Re-
gional System
No. 33
MURÁNYI, István–PÉTER, Judit–SZARVÁK, Tibor–SZOBOSZLAI, Zsolt
(2000): Civil Organisations and Regional Identity in the South Hungarian Great
Plain
No. 34
KOVÁCS, Teréz (2001): Rural Development in Hungary
Discussion Papers 2007. No. 56.
Relation Analysis in Rural Space
– A Research Method for Exploring the Spatial Structure in Hungary –
No. 35
PÁLNÉ, Kovács Ilona (2001): Regional Development and Governance in Hun-
gary
No. 36
NAGY, Imre (2001): Cross-Border Co-operation in the Border Region of the
Southern Great Plain of Hungary
No. 37
BELUSZKY, Pál (2002): The Spatial Differences of Modernisation in Hungary
at the Beginning of the 20th Century
No. 38
BARANYI, Béla (2002): Before Schengen – Ready for Schengen. Euroregional
Organisations and New Interregional Formations at the Eastern Borders of Hun-
gary
No. 39
KERESZTÉLY, Krisztina (2002): The Role of the State in the Urban Develop-
ment of Budapest
No. 40
HORVÁTH, Gyula (2002): Report on the Research Results of the Centre for
Regional Studies of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
No. 41
SZIRMAI, Viktoria – A. GERGELY, András – BARÁTH, Gabriella–
MOLNÁR, Balázs – SZÉPVÖLGYI, Ákos (2003): The City and its Environ-
ment: Competition and/or Co-operation? (A Hungarian Case Study)
No. 42
CSATÁRI, Bálint–KANALAS, Imre–NAGY, Gábor –SZARVÁK, Tibor
(2004): Regions in Information Society – a Hungarian Case-Study
No. 43
FARAGÓ, László (2004): The General Theory of Public (Spatial) Planning (The
Social Technique for Creating the Future)
No. 44
HAJDÚ, Zoltán (2004): Carpathian Basin and the Development of the Hungarian
Landscape Theory Until 1948
No. 45
GÁL, Zoltán (2004): Spatial Development and the Expanding European Integra-
tion of the Hungarian Banking System
No. 46
BELUSZKY, Pál – GYİRI, Róbert (2005): The Hungarian Urban Network in
the Beginning of the 20th Century
No. 47
G. FEKETE, Éva (2005): Long-term Unemployment and Its Alleviation in Rural
Areas
No. 48
SOMLYÓDYNÉ PFEIL, Edit (2006): Changes in The Organisational
Framework of Cooperation Within Urban Areas in Hungary
No. 49
MEZEI, István (2006): Chances of Hungarian–Slovak Cross-Border Relations
No. 50
RECHNITZER, János – SMAHÓ, Melinda (2006): Regional Characteristics of
Human Resources in Hungary During the Transition
No. 51
BARTA, Györgyi – BELUSZKY, Pál – CZIRFUSZ, Márton – GYİRI, Róbert –
KUKELY, György (2006): Rehabilitating the Brownfield Zones of Budapest
No. 52
GROSZ, András (2006): Clusterisation Processes in the Hungarian Automotive
Industry
No. 53
FEKETE, G. Éva – HARGITAI, Judit – JÁSZ, Krisztina – SZARVÁK, Tibor –
SZOBOSZLAI, Zsolt: Idealistic Vision or Reality? Life-long learning among
Romany ethnic groups
No. 54
BARTA, Györgyi (ed.) (2006): Hungary – the New Border of the European
Union
No. 55.
GÁL, Zoltán (2006): The Banking Funkcions of the Hungarian Urban Network
in the Early 20th Century